Ch 11 Pathology Flashcards
endocrinology
branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands
adrenomegaly
having one or both adrenal glands enlarged
adrenopathy
general term for adrenal gland disease
edema
condition in which the body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid
endocrinopathy
general term for diseases of the endocrine system
exophthalmos
condition in which the eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves’ disease. This is generally caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormone.
glycosuria
having a high level of sugar excreted in the urine
gynecomastia
development of breast tissue in males. May be a symptom of adrenal feminization
hirsutism
condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormonal imbalance
hypercalcemia
condition of having a high level of calcium in the blood; associated with hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
hyperglycemia
condition of having a high level of sugar in the blood; associated with diabetes mellitus
hyperkalemia
the condition of having a high level of potassium in the blood
hypersecretion
excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
hypocalcemia
the condition of having a low level of calcium in the blood; associated with hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone. Hypocalcemia may result in tetany
hypoglycemia
condition of having a low level of sugar in the blood
hyponatremia
condition of having a low level of sodium in the blood
hyposecretion
deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
obesity
having an abnormal amount of fat in the body
polydipsia
excessive feeling of thirst
polyuria
condition of producing an excessive amount of urine
syndrome
group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a disease or condition
thyromegaly
having an enlarged thyroid gland
Addison’s Disease
Disease named for British physicians Thomas Addison; results from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be an increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss
adrenal feminization
development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in a male. Often as a result of increased estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex.
adrenal virilism
development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female. Often as a result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex
adrenalitis
inflammation of one or both adrenal glands
Cushing’s Syndrome
Set of symptoms caused by excessive levels of cortisol due to high doses of corticosteriod drugs and adrenal tumors. The syndrome may present symptoms of weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis.
pheochromocytoma
Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea.
diabetes mellitus
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria. There are two distinct forms forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDMM) or type 2.
diabetic retinopathy
secondary complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Aka type 1 diabetes mellitus. It develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production. Patient must take daily insulin injections
insulinoma
tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes an excessive amount of insulin
ketoacidosis
acidosis due to an excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products). A serious condition requiring immediate treatment that can result in death for the diabetic patient if not reversed. Also called diabetic acidosis.
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
also called type 2 diabetes mellitus. It typically develops later in life. The pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, but the cells fail to respond to it. Patients may take oral hypoglycemics to improve insulin function, or may eventually have to take insulin
peripheral neuropathy
damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling.
hyperparathyroidism
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; may result in hypercalcemia and Recklinghausen disease
hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone; may result in hypocalcemia and tetany
Recklinghausen disease
Excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of the bones
tetany
nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is one cause of tetany
acromegaly
chronic disease of adults that results in an elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities. There can be also mood changes. Due to an excessive amount of growth hormone in an adult.
diabetes insipidus
disorder caused by the inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There may be polyuria and polydipsia.
dwarfism
condition of being abnormally short in height. it may be the result of a hereditary condition or a lack of growth hormone.
gigantism
excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager.
hyperpituitarism
hypersecretion of one or more pituitary gland hormones
hypopituitarism
hyposecretion of one or more pituitary gland hormones
panhypopituitarism
deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. often recognized because of problems with the glands regulated by the pituitary – adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
thmoma
tumor in the thymus gland
cretinism
inflammation of the thymus gland
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves’ disease
condition named for Irish physician Robert Graves that results in overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter. A type of hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
hypersecretion of thyroid gland hormones
hypothyroidism
hyposecretion of thyroid gland hormones
thyrotoxicosis
condition of resulting from a hypersecretion of the thyroid gland in an adult. Symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss.
myxedema
condition resulting from marked hyposecretion of the thyroid gland. symptoms include anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and mental lethargy
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. One cause of hypersecretion pathologies
