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psych 100 > ch 8- memory > Flashcards

ch 8- memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what 3 activities are involved with memory?

A
  1. encoding= getting info into memory
  2. storage= retaining memories
  3. retrieval= recapturing memories when you need them
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2
Q

memory

A

recalling past events and past learning

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3
Q

information-processing model

A

view of memory suggesting that information moves among three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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4
Q

sensory memory

A

memory involving a detailed, brief sensory image or sound retained for a brief period of time.
-“quick copy” of info in our environment

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5
Q

working memory

A

metaphor: info on an open document or website. lost if you don’t save it

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6
Q

long-term memory

A

“hard drive”. infinite info stored forever until “deleted”

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7
Q

parallel distributed-processing (PDP) (or connectionist) model theory of memory

A

information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks

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8
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of information with little conscious awareness or effort

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9
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort

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10
Q

to encode info you must

A

be paying attention

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11
Q

differences between automatic and effortful processing

A

effortful processing is usually disrupted when a person has to pay attention to other stimuli

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12
Q

sensory memory

A

detailed, brief sensory image or sound retained for a short period of time

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13
Q

working memory

A

short-term memory. can hold 5 to 9 items at once
ex. remembering a phone number to type in to your phone

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14
Q

how do we ensure that sensory memory gets encoded into working memory?

A

rehearsal

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15
Q

rehearsal

A

consciously repeating information to encode it into working memory

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16
Q

spaced practice effect

A

“rehearsal” spaced out over a period of time
ex. studying in small periods for a month leading up to the exam

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17
Q

semantic code

A

represented based on MEANING of information
(linking new info to info we have already memorized)

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18
Q

to encode verbal info into long term memory we use

A

semantic code

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19
Q

to encode non-verbal info into long term memory

A

phonological or visual code

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20
Q

phonological code

A

visual memory. looking at a scene/image. remembering life events

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21
Q

mnemonic devices

A

technique used to add meaning to information in order to remember it

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22
Q

organization

A

we organize information into categories in order to remember it more easily

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23
Q

schemas

A

knowledge bases that we develop from prior exposure to similar situations

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24
Q

memory span

A

maximum number of items that can be recalled in the correct order

25
Q

chunking

A

grouping bits of information together to increase ability to remember
“1980 03 12” instead of “19800312”

26
Q

explicit memory

A

memories that you can consciously bring to mind
ex. your middle name

27
Q

implicit memory

A

memory that a person is not consciously aware of
(skills, habits etc.)

28
Q

explicit memory categories

A
  1. semantic memory= facts and knowledge
  2. episodic memory= personal experiences
29
Q

implicit memory categories

A
  1. procedural memory (motor skills and habits such as riding a bike)
  2. classically conditioned memory (ex. conditioned responses to stimuli such as phobias)
  3. priming= activated memories based on previous events (ex. heightened fear after watching a horror movie)
30
Q

retrieval cues

A

words, sights or other stimuli that remind us of information we need to retrieve from our memory

31
Q

priming

A

activating one piece of information, which then leads to the activation of another piece, and then the activation of a memory

32
Q

recognition tasks

A

memory tasks in which people are asked to identify if that have or have not seen a particular item before

33
Q

recall tasks

A

memory tasks in which people are asked to produce information using little/no retrieval cues

34
Q

context effecct

A

the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely you will be able to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context
ex. lists learned underwater were best recalled underwater, and that lists learned on land were best retrieved on land

35
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding

36
Q

state-dependent memory

A

memory retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory in the first place

37
Q

flashbulb memories

A

tailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event
ex. during 9/11 most people could remember where they were

38
Q

decay theory

A

theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long periods of time

39
Q

interference theory

A

theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in
-retroactive
-proactive

40
Q

retroactive interference
(backward acting)

A

new info interferes with old info
ex. every time you learn a new fish name you forget the name of a student in class

41
Q

proactive interference
(forward acting)

A

old info interferes w new info
ex. refer to new boyfriend using old boyfriend’s name

42
Q

interference only occurs when information

A

conflicts

43
Q

repression

A

process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not have to experience the anxiety or blows to our self-concept that the memories would bring

44
Q

source misattribution

A

remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true

45
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

brain structure located just behind the forehead and implicated in working memory

46
Q

hippocampus

A

converts explicit memories into long term memory

47
Q

memory consolidation

A

process by which memories stabilize in the brain

48
Q

potentiation

A

synchronous networks of cells firing together

49
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

a phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation

50
Q

prospective memory

A

ability to remember content in the future

51
Q

retrospective memory

A

ability to remember content from the past

52
Q

amnestic disorders

A

organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom

53
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event

54
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event

55
Q

dementia

A

severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function, such as abstract thinking or language

56
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

most common form of dementia, usually beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and problems in language, and progressing to difficulty with even simple tasks and recall of long-held memories

57
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted protein fibres found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain other brain areas

58
Q

senile plaques

A

sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brain regions, as well as in some nearby blood vessels

59
Q

transfer/context dependent processing

A

memory transfers from one situation to another when the context of the encoding situations match

psych 100 (8 decks)

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