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psych 100 > ch 2 > Flashcards

ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 core beliefs of science

A
  1. the universe operates according to natural laws
  2. those laws can be discovered and tested
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2
Q

deductive reasoning

A

apply big general ideas to specific scenarios
ex. deduce that the home team will win because they have an advantage

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3
Q

first philosopher to question deductive reasoning? what idea did it lead to

A

Francis Bacon, led to the idea of bias

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4
Q

bias

A

distorted belief based on a person’s subjective view

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5
Q

What did Bacon propose to avoid bias

A

inductive reasoning

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6
Q

inductive reasoning

A

use controlled, direct/”small” observations to create a broad conclusion
ex. make careful observations of how a number of teams do at home and away over the course of several seasons, and then use the total of home and away wins to decide if there is a home arena effect

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7
Q

empirical observations/ideas

A

able to be tested in objective ways

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8
Q

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

scientists begin with an educated guess, perhaps based on previous research, about how the world works, and then set about designing small controlled observations to support or invalidate that hypothesis (uses both deductive and inductive reasoning)

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9
Q

hypothesis

A

specific statements that are objectively falsifiable (can be disproven)

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10
Q

A proven hypothesis

A

Theory

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11
Q

difference between psychology and chemistry/physics/biology

A

-not every part of psychology is observable (compared to a cell of DNA)
-thoughts are not observable, but behaviours are

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12
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A
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13
Q

What is the main difference between psychology and pseudo-psychology?

A

pseudo-psychology does not use the scientific method

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14
Q

independent variable

A

though to be a factor in changing another variable

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15
Q

dependent variable

A

a variable that you expect to be affected the the independent variable (“depends” on IV)

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16
Q

operationalize

A

to develop a working definition of a variable that allows you to test it.

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17
Q

sample

A

the group of people being studied, representing the demographic

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18
Q

random selection

A

identifying a sample in such a way that everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being involved in the study.

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19
Q

descriptive research methods

A

studies that allow researchers to demonstrate a relationship between the variables of interest, without specifying a cause
ex. surveys, naturalistic observation, case studies

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20
Q

case study

A

focuses on a single person. researcher may be biased

21
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing people as they normally behave; children in a daycare for example. researcher may be biased

22
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

people behave differently when they are aware that they are being observed

23
Q

experiment

A

controlled observation in which researchers manipulate the presence or amount of the independent variable to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.

24
Q

experimental group vs. control group

A

experimental group is given the independent variable
control group is not given the independent variable

25
Q

random assignment

A

assigning individual research volunteers to experimental and control groups using a random process so that uncontrolled variables are randomly or evenly distributed across all groups.

26
Q

double-blind study

A

study in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows what treatment or procedure the participant is receiving.

27
Q

correlation

A

relationship between two+ variables

28
Q

correlation coefficient

A

statistic expressing the strength and nature of a relationship between two variable

29
Q

positive correlation

A

two variable scores increase together on avg

30
Q

negative correlation

A

one variable increases and the other decreases on avg

31
Q

perfect correlation

A

one in which two variables are exactly related, such that low, medium, and high scores on both variables are always exactly related. (+1.00 or -1.00)

32
Q

how to read correlation coefficient

A

-magnitude tells us strength of relationship
-sign tells us positive or negative correlation
-0.3 and above= they have some kind of predictable relationship
-0 = no correlation

33
Q

correlation does not equal

A

causation!!!

34
Q

mean

A

average of scores

35
Q

standard deviation

A

statistical index of how much scores vary within a group.

36
Q

replication

A

repeating experiment to ensure that results were not by chance

37
Q

ethical psychology research must include (6 things)

A
  1. informed consent
  2. protect from harm/discomfort
  3. protect confidentiality
  4. participation is voluntary
  5. do not use deception
  6. provide complete debreifing
38
Q

research ethics board (REB)

A

protect human rights

39
Q

Canadian council on animal care (CCAC)

A

protect animal rights in experiments

40
Q

observational methods

A

-naturalistic
-time-sampling: frequency of behaviour is recorded
-structured observation: lab situation

41
Q

ethnography

A

anthropology; researchers live in a community to understand the effect of culture

42
Q

Psychophysiological methods

A

biological processes involved in perception
(HR, eye tracking etc.)

43
Q

cross-sectional research design

A

People of different ages studied at the same point in time
– One task; multiple age groups participate

44
Q

longitudinal research design

A

– Same participants observed repeatedly over time
– Time period may be brief (6 months–1 year)

45
Q

sequential research design

A

– Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal
* Participants of different ages selected at outset
(like cross-sectional)
* All participants observed repeatedly for a period of time
(like longitudinal)

46
Q

multiple regression analysis

A

predict the scores of a single variable using multiple variable predictors

47
Q

ecological validity

A

assesses whether conclusions
drawn from laboratory studies apply to the real world

48
Q

natural (quasi) experiment

A

naturally occurring. don’t know causation

49
Q

Inferential statistics

A

help to draw conclusions about the data
* Are the groups in the sample different, and are the differences statistically
significant (not due to chance)?
* Using t-tests or ANOVAs, determine a p-value (the probability that the
results of your experiment are not due to chance)
o If the p-value is lower than .05, there is only a 5% likelihood that your results
occurred by chance

psych 100 (8 decks)

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