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psych 100 > ch 7- learning > Flashcards

ch 7- learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

a lasting change caused by experience

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2
Q

associative learning

A

involves forming associations between stimuli.
–> classical conditioning
–> operant conditionin

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3
Q

non-associative learning

A

does not involve forming associations between stimuli.

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4
Q

2 major types of non-associative learning

A
  1. habituation (simplest type of learning)
  2. sensitization
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5
Q

habituation

A

A form of non-associative learning
Repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response

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6
Q

dishabituation

A

A form of non-associative learning
Recovery of attention to a NOVEL STIMULUS following habituation (e.g. new sound)

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7
Q

sensitization

A

a form of non-associative learning
A strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

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8
Q

conditioning

A

the association of events in the environment

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9
Q

classical conditioning

A

a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response

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10
Q

natural reflex

A

automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that on its own elicits a response.

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12
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired

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14
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is acquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response.

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15
Q

US produces

A

UR

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16
Q

CS + US produces

A

UR

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17
Q

CS produces

A

CR

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18
Q

Example of a human being classically conditioned

A

When your roommate is in a really good mood (US), you are happy (UR).
You don’t dislike this song, but you have no real attachment to it.
Your roommate repeatedly plays this song (CS) when he is in a really good mood (US).
Eventually the song alone causes you to feel happy (CR). You have been classically conditioned

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19
Q

stimulus generalization

A

occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response

ex. bell noise is slightly different. adapted for survival; rustling of bushes won’t sound the same each time

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20
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
ex. hearing the specific tone of someone’s voice

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21
Q

higher order conditioning

A

occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning
ex. bell+doorhandle+food
can take away bell and now the doorhandle will be the stimulus

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22
Q

extinction

A

reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
ex. bell rings but no food= dog loses interest

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23
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction has occurred
ex. bell + food= CR occurs bc of previous learning

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24
Q

phobia

A

a persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning

25
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation

26
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odour or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea)

27
Q

operant or instrumental conditioning

A

a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.

28
Q

law of effect

A

behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again

29
Q

behaviourism

A

the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour

30
Q

reinforcer

A

an experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour

31
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

32
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.

33
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated

34
Q

punishment

A

an experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour

35
Q

positive punishment

A

presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated

36
Q

primary reinforcer

A

a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding

37
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer

38
Q

primary punisher

A

a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism

39
Q

secondary punisher

A

a stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher

40
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

what occurs when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs

41
Q

intermittent or partial reinforcement

A

a schedule of reinforcement where the behaviour is followed by reinforcement only some of the time

42
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses

43
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs when the number of responses required for reinforcement is unpredictable.

44
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed

45
Q

variable interval schedule

A

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time

46
Q

shaping

A

introducing new behaviour by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behaviour

47
Q

behaviour modification

A

a systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning

48
Q

learned helplessness

A

a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts

49
Q

observational learning or social learning

A

learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models

50
Q

modelling

A

when an observer learns from the behaviour of another

51
Q

vicarious learning

A

learning that occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so

52
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action

53
Q

implicit learning

A

the acquisition of information without awareness.

54
Q

spatial navigation

A

learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space

55
Q

latent learning

A

a form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive

56
Q

insight learning

A

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts

57
Q

operant conditioning

A

changing behaviour choices in response to consequences
ex. smiling at someone produces a friendly greeting

58
Q

classical conditioning

A

2 stimuli become associated with eachother.
A neutral stimulus forms a REFLEXIVE response that is naturally evoked by stimulus

59
Q

CR and UR are

A

the same response (but caused by diff things)

psych 100 (8 decks)

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