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psych 100 > ch 5- sensation and perception > Flashcards

ch 5- sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

using our sensory receptors to detect a stimuli

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2
Q

perception

A

the conscious recognition and identification of a stimulus

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3
Q

Sensory System

-Olfactory (smell)

-Somatosensory (touch, heat, pain)

-Gustatory (taste)

-Auditory (hearing)

-Visual (sight)

What are the physical stimuli for each of these?

A

Physical Stimuli

-Odorants (airborne chemicals)

-Pressure or damage to the skin

-Chemicals (typically in food)

-Sound waves

-Light (photons)

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4
Q

sensory receptor cells

A

specialized cells that convert a specific form of environmental stimuli to neural impulses

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5
Q

sensory transduction

A

the process of converting a specific form of environmental stimuli to neural impulses

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6
Q

threshold

A

the point that the magnitude/intensity of a stimulus initiates a neural impulse

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7
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimal stimulus needed for detection by an individual 50% of the time

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8
Q

difference threshold or “just noticeable difference”

A

the minimal difference between two stimuli necessary for the detection between the two

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

theory that the response to a signal in every situation depends on an individual’s ability to differentiate between the signal and the noise, and on their response criteria (would you taste old milk or chicken to see if it has gone bad?)

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10
Q

Olfactory adaptation

A

our ability to detect certain odours fades when we are in the presence of that odour for a prolonged period of time

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11
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception that occurs by taking in stimuli, converting them to neural impulses and then moves into more complex brain regions

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12
Q

top-down processing

A

perception led by cognitive processes such as expectations or memories

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

our “readiness” to interpret a certain stimuli
–> picture of a UFO will be perceived differently based on beliefs about UFOs
–> a food may taste different if someone told you if was snake for example

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14
Q

perception involves both — and — processing at the same time

A

bottom-up and top-down

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15
Q

olfactory sense

A

our sense of smell

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16
Q

gustatory sense

A

our sense of taste

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17
Q

odorants

A

airborne chemicals detected as odours

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18
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

sensory receptor cells that convert chemical signals from odourants to neural signals
–> sensory receptors located on cilia of olfactory receptor neurons

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19
Q

describe how olfactory receptor neurons work

A

specific odours have specific receptors. When enough odourant molecules bind to receptors, action potential fires. The cell will stop responding to the odourant molecule unless given a chance to recover so it can fire again

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20
Q

papillae

A

bumps on the tongue that contain clumps of taste buds

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21
Q

taste buds

A

clusters of sensory receptor cells that convert chemical signals in food into neural signals

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22
Q

olfactory bulb

A

the first region where olfactory info reaches the brain on its way from the nose

23
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

24
Q

hyposmia

A

reduced ability to detect odours

25
Q

anosmia

A

inability to detect odours

26
Q

how are migraines and seizures related to smell and taste?

A

-a specific odour can trigger a migraine
-reflex epilepsy: a type of epilepsy where a seizure occurs after exposure to a certain odour

27
Q

free nerve endings

A

sensory receptors that convert stimuli into touch, pressure or pain impulses

28
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

sensory receptors that convert physical stimuli about sensory touch on the fingertips, lips, and palms.

29
Q

Merkel’s disks

A

sensory receptors that convert information about light to moderate pressure on the skin

30
Q

Ruffini’s end-organs

A

sensory receptors that respond to heavy pressure and joint movement

31
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

sensory receptors that respond to vibrations and heavy pressure.

32
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

theory that certain patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” to keep pain information from travelling to parts of the brain where it is perceived

33
Q

endorphins and enkephalins

A

chemicals that belong to a naturally occurring class of opiates that reduce pain in the nervous system.

34
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the ear drum

35
Q

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane set in motion a series of three tiny bones or ___

A

ossicles, called the maleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup).

36
Q

oval window

A

a membrane separating the ossicles and the inner ear, deflection of which causes a wave to form in the cochlea.

37
Q

cochlea

A

fluid-filled structure in the inner ear; contains the hair cells.

38
Q

basilar membrane

A

structure in the cochlea where the hair cells are located

39
Q

hair cells

A

sensory receptors that convert sound waves into neural impulses.

40
Q

tonotopic map

A

representation in the auditory cortex of different sound frequencies.

41
Q

absolute pitch “perfect pitch”

A

the ability to recognize or produce any note on a musical scale

42
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing in one or both ears

43
Q

retina

A

a specialized sheet of nerve cells in the back of the eye containing the sensory receptors for vision.

44
Q

transduction

A

process that involves converting stimulus energy into neural impulses that can be interpreted by the brain.

45
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensory receptors for vision, located in the retina

46
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors most responsive to levels of light and dark

47
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors responsive to colours

48
Q

optic nerve

A

the bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries visual information from the eye to the brain

49
Q

fovea

A

centre of the retina, containing only cones, where vision is most clear

50
Q

retinal disparity

A

the slight difference in images processed by the retinas of each eye

51
Q

convergence

A

inward movement of the eyes to view objects close to oneself

52
Q

monocular cues

A

visual clues about depth and distance that can be perceived using information from only one eye

53
Q

perceptual constancies

A

our top-down tendency to view objects as unchanging, despite shifts in the environmental stimuli we receive

psych 100 (8 decks)

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