ch 1 Flashcards
what is psychology
the study of the mind and human behaviour
levels of psychological analysis
-the brain
-the person
-the group
Wiliam Wundt
-father of experimental psychology
-study of consciousness (voluntarism)
-opened first lab in leipzig
Edward Titchener
-structuralism: tried to break down the components of consciousness
Structuralism
-components that make up consciousness
-introspection
-describe mental processes rather than predict or control
Introspection
careful, reflective, systematic, observation of details of the mental process
William James
-functionalism
-first psych textbook and lab in the US
functionalism is
the flow of consciousness
functionalist scientists used
empirical methods that focused on causes and consequences of behaviour
-studied, animals, children, and those w mental disorders
Gestalt psychologists
-consciousness can’t be broken down
-perceive things as “whole”; stories, patterns
Psychoanalysis
the psychology of the unconscious. aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts
who developed psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Behaviouralism
the study of observable behaviour
Behaviouralism researchers:
Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
John. B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Edward Thorndike
proposed that studying animals could help explain human behaviour
Ivan Pavlov
“classical conditioning”
-dogs salivating at the ringing of a bell due to previous association with food
John. B Watson
-people can be classically conditioned
-little Albert experiment
B.F. Skinner
-skinner box
-positive and negative reinforcement to control behaviour
Albert Bandura
-compared social behaviour about learning in children to primates
-we copy what others do to learn
Carl Rogers
developed client centered therapy
client centered therapy
environment of unconditional love and support
positive psychology
studies human strengths, fulfillment, and creativity
Ulric Neisser coined the term
cognitive psychology
cognitive psychology
the study of information processing. compared the mind to a computer. language, problem solving etc.
Psychobiology/neuroscience (who came up with concept of cell assembly)
donald hebb
humanistic psychology
focused on unique features of human functioning.
Abraham Maslow
prioritized our numerous needs and believed that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs first. Only then can we progress up the hierarchy to satisfy other needs and achieve self-actualization.
cultural psychology
the study of how cultural practices shape psychological and behavioural tendencies and influence human behaviour.
cross-cultural psychology
the study of what is generally or universally true about human beings regardless of culture.
behavioural genetics
a subfield of psychology looking at the influence of genes on human behaviour.
sociobiologists
theorists who believe humans have a genetically innate concept of how social behaviour should be organized.
evolutionary psychology
a field of study believing that the body and brain are products of evolution and that genetic inheritance plays an important role in shaping the complete range of thoughts and behaviours.
collectivist
a culture whose members focus more on the needs of the group and less on individual desires.
individualistic
a culture that places the wants or desires of the person over the needs of the group
goals of psychology
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental processes.
