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Ecology > Ch. 8 Lecture > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

individual

A

focus is on an individual

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2
Q

population

A

focus is on a single species

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3
Q

main question in population ecology

A

How does the environment affect the:

(GRADS)

  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Abundance
  • Distribution
  • Survival

of a species?

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4
Q

Reasons for studying populations

A
  • saving endangered and functionally important species
  • controlling pest populations
  • managing fish and game populations
  • controlling disease epidemics and understanding their impacts
  • human population growth
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5
Q

What does population ecology measure?

A

(DADA-RIBS)

  • Distribution
  • Age distribution
  • Density
  • Abundance
  • Rate of growth
  • Immigration/emigration
  • Birth/death rate
  • Spatial pattern
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6
Q

Characteristics of populations

A
  • Distribution
  • Abundance/Density
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7
Q

The distribution of species: Why isn’t every species found everywhere?

A
  • Evolved physiological, anatomical, and behavioral characteristics to compensate for environmental variation.
  • metabolically costly, limiting distribution.
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8
Q

Distribution

A

describes a species SPATIAL LOCATION over the area that it occurs

-can change (i.e. seasonal)

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9
Q

Niche

A
  • all the environmental factors that INFLUENCE GROWTH, SURVIVAL, and REPRODUCTION of a species.
  • all the factors necessary for its existence.
  • multidimensional (Predators v. Nutrients v. Temperature)
  • fundamental and realized
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10
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

the TOTAL RANGE of physical environmental conditions that are suitable for existence, in the ABSENCE of COMPETITION and PREDATION

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11
Q

Realized Niche

A

describes the FRACTION of the fundamental niche that is ACTUALLY OCCUPIED by a species

-represents current distribution

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12
Q

difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche is usually the result of:

A

biotic interactions

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13
Q

What controls the distribution of organisms at SMALL SCALES (within populations)?

A

Dispersion

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14
Q

3 basic patterns of Dispersion

A
  • Random
  • Regular
  • Clumped
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15
Q

Random Distribution

A

EQUAL CHANCE of being anywhere

  • RESOURCES distributed UNIFORMLY
  • frequent, random pattern of disturbance SOLITARY animals with LARGE HOME RANGES
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16
Q

Regular Distribution

A

UNIFORMLY SPACED

  • EXCLUSIVE use of areas
  • individuals AVOID one another TERRITORIAL, NON-GROUP animals
17
Q

Clumped Distribution

A

UNEQUAL CHANCE of being anywhere

  • MUTUAL ATTRACTION between individuals
  • patchy resource distribution, HABITAT HETEROGENEITY

SOCIAL animals

18
Q

How are individuals distributed on a LARGER SCALE, across environmental variation?

A

most species show a CLUMPED DISTRIBUTION, whether they range over a large or small geographic area

19
Q

Which factors influence species abundance and density?

A

niche characteristics

-Habitat Tolerance

Body size

20
Q

Habitat Tolerance

A

conditions toward the EDGE of the RANGE may lead to PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS, which could DECREASE reproductive FITNESS

21
Q

Animals must ____ and this influences the distribution of the animal…

A

animals must EAT and whatever regulates the distribution of their FOOD will REGULATE the distribution of the ANIMAL

22
Q

Abundance

A

the TOTAL NUMBER of individual of a species PRESENT in a SPECIFIED AREA

23
Q

Density

A

individuals/area

24
Q

measuring abundance and density

A

Mark-Recapture Techniques

25
Q

Mark-Recapture Technique

A

kr/Km1=nc2/Nx

(#recaptured)/(#marked 1st visit)=(#captured 2nd visit)/(#population)

26
Q

discovered body size and density correlation

A

John Damuth, 1981

negative linear relationship

v body mass= ^ density

27
Q

species of herbivorous mammals

A

307

28
Q

Lincoln-Peterson Index (Mark-Recapture)

A

N=(M*S)/R

N: population size estimate

M: marked individuals resleased (new marked)

S: size of 2nd sample

R: marked animals recaptured

highly effected by recapture rates

29
Q

Schnabel Index (Mark-Recapture)

A

N=ΣMiCi/ΣRi

Mi: total previously marked in population

Ci: captured sample

Ri: recaptured in current sample

More accurate due to more samples taken and higher recapture rates

Ecology (15 decks)

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