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Ecology > 19: Primary and Secondary Production & Energy Flow > Flashcards

19: Primary and Secondary Production & Energy Flow Flashcards

1
Q

With the exception of a few ecosystems, this fuels life on earth:

A

primary production through photosynthesis

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2
Q

The flow of energy through a system starts with what?

A

harnessing energy from sunlight

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3
Q

The total rate of photosynthesis or total amount of energy assimilated by autotrophs.

A

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

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4
Q

The rate of energy storage or amount of energy stored after respiration.

A

Net Primary Production (NPP)

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5
Q

NPP=GPP-R

A

Net Primary Production = Gross Primary Production - Respiration

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6
Q

Glucose produced during photosynthesis

A

GPP

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7
Q

Some glucose used to supply energy to drive cellular processes.

A

Respiration

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8
Q

Remaining glucose available to be laid down as new material - biomass

A

NPP

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9
Q

Why do we care about NPP at the individual and population levels?

A

NPP represents plant growth and health

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10
Q

Why do we care about NPP at the community and ecosystem levels?

A

NPP represents the amount of C (or food) available at the base of the food web, and thus all trophic levels.

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11
Q

Why do we care about NPP at the ecosystem, biome, and biosphere levels?

A

NPP represents the amount of C that is stored in plant biomass

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12
Q

How do we measure NPP in AQUATIC ecosystems?

A

Light – dark bottle technique

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13
Q

What processes take place within the light (transparent) bottle?

A

Photosynthesis + Respiration (R)

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14
Q

What processes take place within the dark (opaque) bottle?

A

Only respiration (R)

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15
Q

What do we measure in the Light-Dark Bottle Technique?

A

Measure change in 02 in each bottle over some set time (generally over 24 hrs)

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16
Q

Light-Dark Bottle Technique equation

A

NPP + R = GPP
Amount of O2 produced in photosynthesis and 02 used in respiration (NPP) + amount of O2 loss (R) = Gross Primary Product (GPP)

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17
Q

In aquatic ecosystems, it is important to get continuous measurements of what?

A

O2 between day and night

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18
Q

In terrestrial ecosystems, what do we measure to get the NPP & GPP?

A

CO2

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19
Q

What could be done in a terrestrial ecosystem to estimate NPP?

A

use Standing Crop Biomass

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20
Q

Amount of accumulated primary producer biomass in a given area at a given time

A

Standing Crop Biomass

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21
Q

What is the problem with using biomass to estimate NPP?

A

Productivity (or NPP) is the rate or amount of organic matter created by photosynthesis, whereas biomass is the amount of organic matter present at a given time

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22
Q

How could we measure biomass (or NPP) from space?

A

By using chlorophyll

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23
Q

How was the use of biomass to estimate NPP influence your results?

A

You would underestimate NPP

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24
Q

What environmental factors influence productivity in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Temperature and precipitation

25
Q

High temperatures reflects high amounts of solar radiation and longer growing seasons

A

Therefore solar radiation fuels primary productivity

26
Q

Global limits on primary production

A

Temperature, Sunlight, and Water

27
Q

NPP is highest in what zone, with year-round warm temperatures, high precipitation and higher radiation?

A

The equatorial zone

28
Q

How does Earth’s tilt influence temperature?

A

23.5° on axis. Energy from the sun does not reach all areas of the earth with equal strength. Areas near the equator receive direct an intense solar energy, which influences temperature.

29
Q

Why is NPP reduced as you move north or south on the globe?

A

Cooler temperatures, and higher seasonal variation in temperatures and precipitation, less direct radiation

30
Q

How does tilt influence sunlight intensity?

A

Intense Solar Energy: Light hits directly and it spread over a small area. Less Solar Energy: light hits at an angle and is spread over a larger area at higher latitudes

31
Q

Sunlight is more diffuse and takes a longer path through the atmosphere at higher latitudes

A

These areas receive less solar energy

32
Q

How does NPP change?

A

Seasonally and annually

33
Q

Which of the following biomes do you expect to have the lowest NPP and why? Boreal forest, temperate forest, tropical forest, or tundra

A

Tundra, due to low precipitation and temperatures

34
Q

How does nutrient availability influence NPP?

A

Adding fertilizers nearly doubled primary production in these tundra study plots

35
Q

In the Oceans, why is 80% of light absorbed in the first 10 m, and why is the Euphotic Zone down to 200 m?

A

Vertical structuring of the oceans leads to variations in light with depth.

36
Q

In the oceans, absorbed solar energy increases kinetic energy, which increases temperature, but why is the warm water that floats on top the cold water separated by a thermocline?

A

Vertical structuring of the oceans leads to variation in temperature with depth

37
Q

In the deep ocean where does primary production take place?

A

It is located near the surface

38
Q

Euphotic Zone (ocean)

A

Sunlight Zone, sunlight rarely penetrates beyond this zone.

39
Q

Dysphotic Zone (ocean)

A

Twilight Zone, sunlight decreases rapidly with depth. Photosynthesis is not possible here.

40
Q

Aphotic Zone (ocean)

A

Midnight Zone, sunlight does not penetrate at all. This is zone is bathed in darkness.

41
Q

Epilimnion Zone (Lakes)

A

Sunlight penetrates and warms the water

42
Q

Metalimnion (Lakes)

A

Temperature and other physical and chemical factors change rapidly with depth

43
Q

Hypolimnion (Lakes)

A

Water is cold and dark and may lack dissolved oxygen

44
Q

What influences aquatic primary production?

A

Nutrients

45
Q

Why do we care about primary production?

A

Represents plant growth and health. Is the base food for nearly all food webs. The amount of C stored in primary production influences the C cycle.

46
Q

The rate at which consumers convert the chemical energy of their food into their own biomass.

A

Secondary production

47
Q

What limits secondary production?

A

Primary production

48
Q

When would secondary production likely be greatest?

A

When birthrate of the population is highest. When growth rates of individuals is highest. When primary productivity is highest.

49
Q

Efficiency with which the consumer extracts energy from food

A

Assimilation efficiency

50
Q

Assimilation efficiency equation

A

Assimilation efficiency = Energy is assimilated across the gut wall (A)/ food ingested (I)

51
Q

Measures how efficient the consumer is at incorporating assimilated energy into secondary production

A

Production efficiency

52
Q

Production efficiency equation

A

Production efficiency = production or growth (P)/ Energy assimilated across the gut wall(A)

53
Q

Consumers vary in their ability to extract energy from their food. At the individual and population level? At the community and ecosystem level? At the ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere level?

A

Individual and population level: growth and fecundity of the heterotroph. Community and ecosystem level: amount of energy available to the next trophic level. Ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere level: nutrients recycled in their feces

54
Q

Production efficiency across taxonomic class varies.

A

Invertebrates= 30 to 40%. Ectotherm vertebrates= ~ 10%. Endotherm vertebrates= 1 to 2%

55
Q

Transfer of energy across trophic levels

A

Energy is lost from one trophic level to the next (~90%). 1,000,000J Sunlight > 10,000J primary producers > 1,000J primary consumers > 100J secondary consumers > 10J tertiary consumers

56
Q

Standing stock of biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem

A

Upright pyramid: top carnivore (1kg)

57
Q

Standing stock of biomass in an aquatic ecosystem

A

Inverted pyramid: carnivore (12gm/m^2)> herbivores(8gm/m^2)> producers(4gm/m^2)

58
Q

What causes the inverted pyramid of the standing stock of biomass in an aquatic ecosystems?

A

Results from small biomasses primary producers, high grazing rates, and fast lifecycles of primary producers

59
Q

Which of the following biomes do you expect to have the lowest secondary productions? Boreal forest, temperate forest, tropical forest, or tundra

A

Tundra, because it has the lowest primary production (which is the limiting factor to secondary production)

Ecology (15 decks)

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