Ch 8: Early Adolescence Flashcards
Puberty occurs around __ for males and around __ for females
12 - males
9.5 to 12 - females
Girls physical growth spurt is around age
10-11
Some causes of early onset of puberty are
- genetic contributions
- environmental contributions (genetically modified foods, hormones in dairy products)
T/F: physical changes can be a source of empowerment or embarrassment
T
Secondary sex characteristics generally appear around age __ for boys
14
Secondary sex characteristics
growth of penis and testes, appearance of facial and body hair, changes in height and muscle development, depending of voice
Adolescent cognitive development
abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking, advanced information processing strategies, reflect on self, solving problems
T/F: adolescents are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors and at times show low impulse control and poor decision-making
T
T/F: the prefrontal cortex with its ability for executive function is still developing in adolescents
T
Social development of adolescents
- transition from identifying with parents to peers
- logical thinking and explanations
- teen rebelling, detachment, conflict
- egocentric thinking (more in terms of the world revolves around them)
T/F: adolescents have an extreme desire to fit in with a specific social group or any social group
T; can lead to stress, anxiety and depression
T/F: positive peer relationships are important for a sense of identity and belonging in adolescents
T
T/F: adolescents believe that their peers define them
T; sense of awareness about self depends on what others think of them in adolescents
T/F: romantic relationships do not occur in adolescents
F; sexuality is a continuum not black and white; attraction and relationships start to occur
Emotional development of adolescents
adolescents who grew up in unhealthy environments may have problems with attention and focus in school, engage in early sexual activity
The development, maintenance, and application of generalizable, internal standards of conduct for one’s behavior
moral development of adolescence
T/F: moral behavior is often connected to the emotions of empathy, kindness, sympathy, guilt, shame, and self-consciousness
T
Which Erickson’s stage is the adolescent in?; what is the crisis of this stage?
identity vs. role confusion; who and I and what role do I play
adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis and have not committed to an identity
identity confusion (usually a leader/popular kid)
adolescents who have committed to an identity without exploring themselves
identity foreclosure (predetermined jobs; forced to do something)
adolescents who have experienced numerous crises and try on many identities but have not committed to an identity
identity moratorium (stuck)
adolescents who have experienced an identity crisis, have explored many aspects of their identities, and have committed to an identity
identity achievement (experiment and find a fit)
many individuals reform their identities during late adolescence and adulthood
identity closure
T/F: body image and weight management become very important concerns to adolescents
T; early adolescents is often when weight concerns and problematic eating habits develop
Intentional and sustained restriction of caloric intake for the purposes of weight loss or weight maintenance
dieting; dieting itself is a risk factor for development of eating disorders
Why do eating disorders occur in adolescents
negative mood; dealt with by binge eating; goes against unrealistic desire to be thin; leads to bulimia; starts cycle
T/F: adolescents engage in more risk-taking behavior when in the presence of peers
T
deliberate self-injury that is intentional and directly injures the body tissue without suicidal intent
non-suicidal self-injury tendencies (NSSI)
___% of adolescents participate in NSSI (self harm)
15-30%
self harm is more common among what gender
females
females tend to __ where males tend to ___ for self harm
females - cutting, scratching
males - burning, branding
motivation for self harm
alternative to suicide, to express displeasure with oneself, to feel control of a situation, to alleviate the tension of a negative mood, to incite an enjoyable mood
behaviors that are intentional and cause psychological and or physical harm to the recipient
bulling behavior
factors that contribute to being a bully
family hostility, low parental support, low teacher support, family physical discipline, atypical moral development, stress in other areas of life
T/F: adults who teach nonviolent ways to handle stress and conflict can be a positive influence
T; adult interaction and support are important for the bully and the victim
T/F: society encourages abstinence
T; fact is many adolescents are sexually active
T/F: U.S. teen pregnancy and birth rates are among the highest in developed countries
T
T/F: adolescence is a time of exploration and pushing limits – can include sexual activity
T; adults need to not only discourage sexual activity, but explain why and what the physical and emotional consequences could be; teach about contraception and safe sex
T/F: U.S. ranks at the top for STD rates
T; Douglas County, NE is one of the highest STD rates in the country; EDUCATION IS KEY
T/F: risk taking is more common among adolescents than older adults
T; can include binge drinking, tobacco use, criminal behavior; the need for excitement, fun, novel and intense sensations, peer pressure, status, modeling adult behavior
Risk factors for risk taking behavior
poor family communication, peer pressure, lack of family support; parental involvement and positive peer support can be factors in dealign with risk taking behavior
T/F: adolescents respond more to rewards than punishment
T
T/F: Having a strong ethnic identity contributes to high self-esteem among minority adolescents
T
T/F: during early adolescents there is a heightened awareness of social status and how groups of people are viewed by others
T
