Ch 8. Collegiate Athletics

Question 1

When was the first collegiate athletic contest?

Answer 1

1852 Crew race between Harvard and Yale that was sponsored by Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad Company

Question 2

How were collegiate competitions organized in the 1800s?

Answer 2

by students

Question 3

What happened in 1876?

Answer 3

the formation of the Intercollegiate Football Association that created playing and eligibility rules

Question 4

What happened in 1895?

Answer 4

Big Ten conference formed

Question 5

What happened in 1905?

Answer 5

President Roosevelt got involved with the Intercollegiate Football Association when he noticed many teenagers getting injuries and dying from contact

Question 6

What happened in 1906?

Answer 6

the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States formed but later changed the name to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Question 7

What is the Knight Commission Reform Movement?

Answer 7

led the NCAA to pass rules and regulations for recruiting, academic standards, and financial practices

Question 8

How many division make up the NCAA?

Answer 8

3 (DI, DII, and DIII)

Question 9

How many colleges are in each division?

Answer 9

Division I has 347 teams, Division II has 309 teams, and Division III has 442 teams

Question 10

there are three slides that I just do not understand

Question 11

Why do sport teams move conferences?

Answer 11

the schools get money from broadcasting, recruitments and popularity

Question 12

What are the Power 5 Conferences?

Answer 12

ACC, Big 10, Big 12, Pac 12, and SEC

Question 13

How many NCAA Division I Athletic programs earn more revenue than their expenses?

Answer 13

23-27

Question 14

Why is it sometimes bad to move conferences?

Answer 14

the health of the student athlete deteriorates because of longer travel

Question 15

Why do schools keep their athletic programs if they receive no revenue?

Answer 15

there is much alumni pride (donations) and there is an increase in applications/popularity

Question 16

What is NIL?

Answer 16

the act of using an athlete’s name, image, or likeness in marketing or promotional endeavors

Question 17

What are examples of NIL?

Answer 17

• social media posts
• teaching camps
• starting a business
• hosting a podcast
• autograph signings
• product endorsements

Question 18

What was the NCAA originally founded to do?

Answer 18

protect student athletes

Question 19

What happened in 1987?

Answer 19

the NCAA wiped out SMU’s football program for two years because it violated recruiting rules and allowed for “impermissible benefits”

Question 20

What happened in 2010?

Answer 20

there were sanctions against Reggie Bush and Johnny Manzi for receiving impermissible benefits

Question 21

What happened in 2014?

Answer 21

O’Bannon vs. NCAA case - O’Bannon sued the NCAA for his likeness being sold in a video game and settled for $42 million

Question 22

What happened in 2021?

Answer 22

• NCAA vs. Alston case: the Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling that the NCAA rules limiting education-related compensation violated the Sherman Act
• California’s Fair Play to Play Act that other states followed
• the NCAA interim NIL policy passed

Question 23

What does the interim NIL policy state?

Answer 23

• athletes will engage in NIL activities that are consistent with the law
• colleges determine if actions are consistent with the law
• NIL law is protected in states without laws
• athletes can use a professional services provider
• athletes report NIL activities to their school

Question 24

What are the current NCAA rules?

Answer 24

• prevent schools from paying athletes directly or as a recruiting incentive
• no compensation directly related to athletic achievement (“Pay to Play”)

Question 25

What happens when an athlete lives in a state without NIL laws?

Answer 25

the individual schools are to create a policy for their athletes

Question 26

What are examples of what state laws can and cannot prohibit?

Answer 26

alcohol tobacco products gambling firearms use of school logo school's copyright material school facilities

Question 27

Why are states no repealing or amending legislation?

Answer 27

the original need is gone now that the NCAA has a basic and less restrictive policy

Question 28

What are states with legislation now realizing?

Answer 28

they are at a disadvantage because university employees cannot facilitate deals and non-scholarship players are able to earn up to the cost of tuition for promoting products (paid to athlete, not school)

Question 29

What is a "professional services provider"?

Answer 29

an agent that works solely on NIL deals

Question 30

What are some pros of having an agent in college sports?

Answer 30

minimize discretions, protect from inappropriate contract provisions, and seek out building block relationships

Question 31

What are some cons of having an agent in college sports?

Answer 31

aggressive recruitment, pressures the athlete to perform, convince athlete to take deals that are not in the best interest

Question 32

What are collectives?

Answer 32

managed funds from boosters used to recruit, retain and compensate student athletes

Question 33

What are directives?

Answer 33

individual boosters who provide funds to recruit, retain, and compensate athletes

Question 34

What have major sponsors done?

Answer 34

skewed toward working with programs regulated by state legislation (manage risk) that creates more uncertainty with performance and brand

Question 35

What is it called when businesses piece together contracts?

Answer 35

"Mom and Pop" businesses creating "Franken contracts"

Question 36

Who is benefiting the most from NIL deals?

Answer 36

olympic sport athletes with large social media presence, female athletes, agents, boosters, athletic department, and student athletes

Question 37

Who is not benefiting from NIL deals?

Answer 37

the NCAA

Question 38

What does Title IX state?

Answer 38

no person should be excluded (by sex) from any educational program or activity received Federal financial assistance

Question 39

What does Title IX prohibit?

Answer 39

programs that receive federal funding from excluding people from participating in programs or denying people access to the benefits that the programs might provide (prohibit female discrimination)

Question 40

What did the Grove City College vs. Bell case conclude?

Answer 40

only the specific department receiving federal funding should be required to comply with Title IX

Question 41

Why was the Grove City College vs. Bell case staggering?

Answer 41

athletic departments could avoid review under Title IX if they did not receive financial aid

Question 42

What happened three years afterthe Grove City College vs. Bell case?

Answer 42

Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act that overturned the decision and made it clear that as long as any part of the program receives financial aid, Title IX applies

Question 43

What are the three most common areas of cases (Title IX)?

Answer 43

proportionate, expansion, and accommodation

Question 44

What does the proportionate area state?

Answer 44

scholarships should be distributed and there should e equal treatment and opportunities for specific programs

Question 45

What does the expansion area state?

Answer 45

if the school has a history of underrepresentation, they are making strides towards inclusion

Question 46

What does the accommodation area state?

Answer 46

the institution has equally and effectively accommodated the interests and abilities of male and female students

Question 47

What is included under the discrimination on the basis of sex?

Answer 47

sexual harassment, rape, and sexual assault

Question 48

When does a school violate the Title IX policy?

Answer 48

when the conduct is serious that limits the student's ability to participate in these programs and the school fails to take the reasonable steps to end the sexual violence

Question 49

What steps are schools taking against Title IX?

Answer 49

must distribute a policy against sex discrimination, must designate a Title IX coordinator, must make procedures for students to file complaints known, and must take immediate action once aware

Question 50

What pressures do student athletes face today?

Answer 50

parents forcing athletes to keep their scholarship, social media (death threats), internalized pressure, and fear of playing in front of thousands of people

Question 51

What is the most pressing issue today facing Charlie Baker?