Ch 8. Collegiate Athletics Flashcards
When was the first collegiate athletic contest?
1852 Crew race between Harvard and Yale that was sponsored by Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad Company
How were collegiate competitions organized in the 1800s?
by students
What happened in 1876?
the formation of the Intercollegiate Football Association that created playing and eligibility rules
What happened in 1895?
Big Ten conference formed
What happened in 1905?
President Roosevelt got involved with the Intercollegiate Football Association when he noticed many teenagers getting injuries and dying from contact
What happened in 1906?
the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States formed but later changed the name to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
What is the Knight Commission Reform Movement?
led the NCAA to pass rules and regulations for recruiting, academic standards, and financial practices
How many division make up the NCAA?
3 (DI, DII, and DIII)
How many colleges are in each division?
Division I has 347 teams, Division II has 309 teams, and Division III has 442 teams
there are three slides that I just do not understand
Why do sport teams move conferences?
the schools get money from broadcasting, recruitments and popularity
What are the Power 5 Conferences?
ACC, Big 10, Big 12, Pac 12, and SEC
How many NCAA Division I Athletic programs earn more revenue than their expenses?
23-27
Why is it sometimes bad to move conferences?
the health of the student athlete deteriorates because of longer travel
Why do schools keep their athletic programs if they receive no revenue?
there is much alumni pride (donations) and there is an increase in applications/popularity
What is NIL?
the act of using an athlete’s name, image, or likeness in marketing or promotional endeavors
What are examples of NIL?
- social media posts
- teaching camps
- starting a business
- hosting a podcast
- autograph signings
- product endorsements
What was the NCAA originally founded to do?
protect student athletes
What happened in 1987?
the NCAA wiped out SMU’s football program for two years because it violated recruiting rules and allowed for “impermissible benefits”
What happened in 2010?
there were sanctions against Reggie Bush and Johnny Manzi for receiving impermissible benefits
What happened in 2014?
O’Bannon vs. NCAA case - O’Bannon sued the NCAA for his likeness being sold in a video game and settled for $42 million
What happened in 2021?
- NCAA vs. Alston case: the Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling that the NCAA rules limiting education-related compensation violated the Sherman Act
- California’s Fair Play to Play Act that other states followed
- the NCAA interim NIL policy passed
What does the interim NIL policy state?
- athletes will engage in NIL activities that are consistent with the law
- colleges determine if actions are consistent with the law
- NIL law is protected in states without laws
- athletes can use a professional services provider
- athletes report NIL activities to their school
What are the current NCAA rules?
- prevent schools from paying athletes directly or as a recruiting incentive
- no compensation directly related to athletic achievement (“Pay to Play”)
What happens when an athlete lives in a state without NIL laws?
the individual schools are to create a policy for their athletes
What are examples of what state laws can and cannot prohibit?
alcohol
tobacco products
gambling
firearms
use of school logo
school’s copyright material
school facilities
Why are states no repealing or amending legislation?
the original need is gone now that the NCAA has a basic and less restrictive policy
What are states with legislation now realizing?
they are at a disadvantage because university employees cannot facilitate deals and non-scholarship players are able to earn up to the cost of tuition for promoting products (paid to athlete, not school)
What is a “professional services provider”?
an agent that works solely on NIL deals
What are some pros of having an agent in college sports?
minimize discretions, protect from inappropriate contract provisions, and seek out building block relationships
What are some cons of having an agent in college sports?
aggressive recruitment, pressures the athlete to perform, convince athlete to take deals that are not in the best interest
What are collectives?
managed funds from boosters used to recruit, retain and compensate student athletes
What are directives?
individual boosters who provide funds to recruit, retain, and compensate athletes
What have major sponsors done?
skewed toward working with programs regulated by state legislation (manage risk) that creates more uncertainty with performance and brand
What is it called when businesses piece together contracts?
“Mom and Pop” businesses creating “Franken contracts”
Who is benefiting the most from NIL deals?
olympic sport athletes with large social media presence, female athletes, agents, boosters, athletic department, and student athletes
Who is not benefiting from NIL deals?
the NCAA
What does Title IX state?
no person should be excluded (by sex) from any educational program or activity received Federal financial assistance
What does Title IX prohibit?
programs that receive federal funding from excluding people from participating in programs or denying people access to the benefits that the programs might provide (prohibit female discrimination)
What did the Grove City College vs. Bell case conclude?
only the specific department receiving federal funding should be required to comply with Title IX
Why was the Grove City College vs. Bell case staggering?
athletic departments could avoid review under Title IX if they did not receive financial aid
What happened three years afterthe Grove City College vs. Bell case?
Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act that overturned the decision and made it clear that as long as any part of the program receives financial aid, Title IX applies
What are the three most common areas of cases (Title IX)?
proportionate, expansion, and accommodation
What does the proportionate area state?
scholarships should be distributed and there should e equal treatment and opportunities for specific programs
What does the expansion area state?
if the school has a history of underrepresentation, they are making strides towards inclusion
What does the accommodation area state?
the institution has equally and effectively accommodated the interests and abilities of male and female students
What is included under the discrimination on the basis of sex?
sexual harassment, rape, and sexual assault
When does a school violate the Title IX policy?
when the conduct is serious that limits the student’s ability to participate in these programs and the school fails to take the reasonable steps to end the sexual violence
What steps are schools taking against Title IX?
must distribute a policy against sex discrimination, must designate a Title IX coordinator, must make procedures for students to file complaints known, and must take immediate action once aware
What pressures do student athletes face today?
parents forcing athletes to keep their scholarship, social media (death threats), internalized pressure, and fear of playing in front of thousands of people
What is the most pressing issue today facing Charlie Baker?
