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MedTerm > Ch. 8- Blood and Lymph > Flashcards

Ch. 8- Blood and Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

blast

A

germ of bud

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2
Q

chrom, chromat

A

color

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3
Q

chyl

A

juice

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4
Q

hem, hemato

A

blood

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5
Q

immuno

A

safe

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6
Q

lymph

A

clear fluid

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7
Q

morph

A

form

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8
Q

myel

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

phag

A

eat or swallow

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10
Q

plas

A

formation

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11
Q

reticul

A

a net

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12
Q

splen

A

spleen

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13
Q

thromb

A

clot

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14
Q

thym

A

thymus gland

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15
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, and cellular components

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16
Q

serum

A

liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process

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17
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream

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18
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein- iron compound contained in the erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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19
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances

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20
Q

granulocytes

A

a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

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21
Q

neutrophil

A

a granular leukocyte, named from the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria

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22
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)

A

another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus

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23
Q

band

A

an immature neutrophil

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24
Q

eosinophil

A

a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy and some infections

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25
Q

basophil

A

a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

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26
Q

agranulocytes

A

a group of leukocytes w/o granules in their nuclei

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27
Q

lymphocyte

A

an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity-
there are four categories of lymphocytes:
-T cells (thymus dependent)
-B cells (bone marrow derived)
-NK cells (natural killer)
-K-type cells

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28
Q

monocyte

A

an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

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29
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting

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30
Q

thymus

A

the primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes

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31
Q

spleen

A

the organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides the environment for the initiation of immune response by lymphocytes

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32
Q

lymph

A

fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body that is circulated through the lymph vessels

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33
Q

lymph capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels

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34
Q

lymph vessels

A

vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

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35
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream

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36
Q

chyle

A

a white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

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37
Q

lymph nodes

A

many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels- major locations include the cervical region, axillary region, and inguinal region

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38
Q

lymph ducts

A

collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

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39
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body

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40
Q

thoracic duct

A

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

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41
Q

antigen

A

a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

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42
Q

antibody

A

a substance produced by the body that destroys or invades an antigen that has entered the body

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43
Q

immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens;
the five major classes include: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

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44
Q

immunity

A

process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

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45
Q

active immunity

A

an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine

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46
Q

passive immunity

A

an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by infection of a serum containing antibodies

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47
Q

microcytosis

A

the presence of small red blood cells

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48
Q

macrocytosis

A

the presence of large red blood cells

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49
Q

anisocytosis

A

the presence of red blood cells of unequal size

50
Q

poikilocytosis

A

the presence of large, irregular shaped red blood cells

51
Q

reticulocytosis

A

an increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood

52
Q

erythropenia

A

an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

53
Q

lymphocytopenia

A

an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

54
Q

neutropenia

A

a decrease in the number of neutrophils

55
Q

pancytopenia

A

an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

56
Q

hemolysis

A

breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

57
Q

immunocompromised

A

impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents

58
Q

immunosuppression

A

impaired ability to provide a immune response

59
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

the presence of enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes

60
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

61
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

a syndrome caused by the HIV that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop

62
Q

anemia

A

an condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues

63
Q

aplastic anemia

A

a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells

64
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin

65
Q

pernicious anemia

A

a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become larger, varied in shape, and reduced in number

66
Q

autoimmune disease

A

any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function

67
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus

68
Q

Rh factor

A

the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia

69
Q

Rh positive

A

the presence of antigens

70
Q

hemochromatosis

A

a hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

71
Q

hemophilia

A

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

72
Q

leukemia

A

a chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

73
Q

myelodysplasia

A

a disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

74
Q

lymphoma

A

any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin’s disease

75
Q

mononucleosis

A

a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat.

76
Q

polycythemia

A

an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

77
Q

septicemia

A

a systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood

78
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

a bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process

79
Q

blood chemistry panels

A

specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry test performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions

80
Q

basic metabolic panel

A

battery of test used as a general screen for disease; Ca, CO2, Chloride, creatinine, glucose, K, Na, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

81
Q

comprehensive metabolic panel

A

test in addition to the basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT and AST

82
Q

blood culture

A

a test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms

83
Q

CD4 cell count

A

a measure of the number of CD4 cells (subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood

84
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

the most common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes

85
Q

white blood count (WBC)

A

a count of the white blood cells/ cubic mm

86
Q

red blood count (RBC)

A

a count of the number of red blood cells/ cubic mm

87
Q

hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)

A

test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (grams)

88
Q

hematocrit (HCT or Hct)

A

a measure of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood

89
Q

blood indices

A

calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells for classification of anemia

90
Q

mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)

A

a calculation of the volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results
MCV=HCT/RBC

91
Q

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)

A

calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC
MCH=HGB/RBC

92
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

a calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results
MCHC= HGB/HCT

93
Q

differential count

A

a determination of the number of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) seen on a stained blood smear, each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined

94
Q

red cell morphology

A

as part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition of the size and shape of the red blood cells in the backgroud of the smear slide is noted

95
Q

platelet count (PLT)

A

a calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood

96
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma

97
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

a test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders

98
Q

thromboplastin

A

a substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

99
Q

prothrombin

A

a protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

100
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

a test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood

101
Q

venipuncture or

phlebotomy

A

an incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

102
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination

103
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

a pathological examination of bone marrow tissue

104
Q

lymphangiogram

A

an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrasting medium

105
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

full-body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma

106
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy

107
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

the transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

108
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

the removal of a lymph node

109
Q

lymphadenotomy

A

an incision into a lymph node

110
Q

lymph node dissection

A

the removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination

111
Q

splenectomy

A

the removal of the spleen

112
Q

thymectomy

A

the removal of the thymus gland

113
Q

autologous blood

A

blood donated by, and stored for, a patient for future personal use

114
Q

homologous blood

A

blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

115
Q

blood component therapy

A

the transfusion of specific blood components such as packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma

116
Q

crossmatching

A

a method of matching a donor’s blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

117
Q

immunotherapy

A

the use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defense mechanisms

118
Q

plasmapheresis

A

the removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements, followed by reinfusion

119
Q

anticoagulant

A

a drug that prevents clotting of the blood

120
Q

hemostatic

A

a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

121
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

a drug that causes narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow

122
Q

vasodilator

A

a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow

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