Ch 8. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Flashcards
Amphetamines
A class of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD; increases the release of dopamine from presynaptic storage vesicles, resulting in more dopamine output to the synapse; Adderall and Dexedrine are examples
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A DSM-5-TR neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity that emerges prior to age 12 years, is present in two or more settings, and interferes with academic or social functioning
ADHD, combined presentation
A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant inattentive and significant hyperactive–impulsive symptoms
ADHD, predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation
A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant hyperactive–impulsive symptoms but subthreshold problems with inattention; usually seen in younger children with ADHD
ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation
A presentation of ADHD characterized by significant inattentive symptoms but subthreshold problems with hyperactivity–impulsivity; usually seen in older children and adolescents with ADHD
Behavioral classroom management
An evidence-based treatment for ADHD in which teachers or educational specialists administer positive reinforcement to foster appropriate behavior at school; can be combined with peer interventions to improve social functioning
Behavioral parent training
An evidence-based, behavioral treatment for ADHD in children; relies on altering the antecedents and consequences of children’s behavior to increase compliance and improve the quality of parent-child interactions
Behavioral peer interventions
An evidenced-based treatment for ADHD in which peers systematically model, monitor, and reinforced adaptive behavior at school
Behavioral inhibition
The ability to inhibit immediate responses, especially responses that provide immediate gratification
Cognitive disengagement syndrome
A pattern of developmentally unexpected and persistent problems with cognition (e.g., daydreaming, mental confusion, social withdrawal) and movement (e.g., underactivity, sleepy appearance); formerly called “sluggish cognitive tempo”
Continuous performance test (CPT)
A norm-referenced, computerized test of sustained attention and behavioral inhibition that is sometimes used to assess ADHD, although it may have limited validity for this purpose
Creative problem-solving
The capacity to analyze, manipulate, and combine ideas or objects in a novel way; an executive function important to directing one’s own behavior in anticipation of long-term reinforcement
Daily report card
A daily record of children’s appropriate behavior at school, which can be monitored and rewarded by parents at home
Default mode network
A neural pathway implicated in ADHD; consists of the medial prefrontal, parietal, and temporal lobes; active during daydreaming and mind-wandering
Delay aversion model
A neuropsychological model for ADHD in which the core symptoms are explained by children’s motivation to avoid or escape delays which they experience as unpleasant
Differential Susceptibility to Media effects Model (DSMM)
A general model for the relationship between children’s digital media use and ADHD symptoms that posits a bi-directional association between these variables
Diversion
The deliberate distribution of prescription medication for the misuse by others
Dual pathway model (of ADHD)
A model that posits two neuropsychological pathways for ADHD: a top-down, cognitive model in which deficits in executive functioning lead to problems with attention and behavioral inhibition and a bottom-up, motivational model in which children’s attraction to rewards and intolerance for delays lead to impulsivity
Executive dysfunction model (of ADHD)
A neuropsychological model that suggests that ADHD is caused by underlying deficits in behavioral inhibition which impair the development of executive functioning
Four basic executive functions
In Barkley’s executive dysfunction model of ADHD: working memory, internalized speech, emotion regulation, and creative problem-solving
Frontal–striatal neural circuit
A brain pathway associated with ADHD; consists of the striatum and right prefrontal cortex
Internalized speech
According to Vygotsky, children’s tendency to mentally rehearse the voice of adults as they practice overt actions; an executive function important to regulating one’s own behavior
Life course treatment model (of ADHD)
A model of ADHD that views it as a long-term condition that must be managed across development; the goal of treatment is to help people with ADHD develop academic, behavioral, and social-emotional competencies
Mesolimbic neural circuit
A brain pathway associated with ADHD; consists of the (1) VTA and nucleus accumbens, (2) amygdala and hippocampus, and (3) prefrontal cortex
Methylphenidates
A class of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD; slows the dopamine transporter system that removes dopamine from the cleft, allowing dopamine to remain in the cleft longer; Concerta and Ritalin are examples
MOSAIC (Making Socially Accepting Inclusive Classrooms)
A brief classroom behavior management program designed to improve the social functioning of youths with ADHD
Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA)
A large, randomized controlled study comparing the effects of medication and/or behavior therapy for children with ADHD
Nonshared environmental factors
Environmental factors experienced by one child but not his or her siblings (e.g., problems during gestation, peer rejection in elementary school)
Organizational skills training
An evidence-based intervention in which therapists, caregivers, and/or teachers systematically teach children how to organize, plan, prioritize, and complete daily tasks
Parent consultation
Sometimes called parent training; involves helping caregivers learn more effective ways to manage children’s ADHD signs and symptoms
Pomodoro technique
A technique to decrease procrastination in which the person uses a timer to schedule periods of work followed by a brief break
Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS)
A randomized controlled study showing that stimulant medication is efficacious in reducing ADHD symptoms in children age 3 to 5 years
Psychostimulants
The most prescribed medications for ADHD; affect dopamine and norepinephrine; increase attention and behavioral inhibition
Response cost
A form of negative punishment in which positive reinforcers (e.g., tokens, points, privileges) are taken away to reduce problem behaviors
Right prefrontal cortex
An anterior brain region responsible for inhibition and impulse control (orbitofrontal region) and attention, organization, and planning (dorsolateral region)
Sociometric ratings
A method used to assess peer status among school-age children; youths rate classmates with whom they would most and least like to play
Striatum
Part of the basal ganglia; consists of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus; regulates behavior in response to feedback from the environment
Summer Treatment Program (STP)
An evidence-based, psychosocial treatment for children with ADHD; consists of immediate, positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior in the classroom, during social skills activities, and while playing sports
Time out (from positive reinforcement)
A form of negative punishment in which children are removed from positively reinforcing situations or stimuli for a short period of time to reduce problem behaviors
