Ch 13. Depression, suicide, and self-injury

Question 1

Activity scheduling

Answer 1

A behavioral treatment for depression in which the child commits to engaging in a pleasant activity to increase opportunities for positive reinforcement

Question 2

Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome

Answer 2

Gastrointestinal and flu-like symptoms, painful sensations, sleep problems, and increasing anxiety, agitation, or irritability following an abrupt discontinuation of SSRIs or SNRIs

Question 3

Automatic thoughts

Answer 3

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, negative statements or mental images that arise immediately after a stressor

Question 4

Bullying

Answer 4

Intentional, repetitive, aggressive behavior that is directed from a person with higher power toward a person of lower power

Question 5

Cognitive bias

Answer 5

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, the tendency to attend to negative aspects of events and to downplay or ignore positive aspects

Question 6

Cognitive distortion

Answer 6

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, the tendency to twist reality to make events more problematic than they really are

Question 7

Cognitive restructuring

Answer 7

A technique used in cognitive therapy in which the therapist challenges a cognitive bias or distortion by asking the child to look at the situation in an objective, flexible manner

Question 8

Collaborative empiricism

Answer 8

In cognitive–behavior therapy, the tendency of therapist and client to work together to test the client’s beliefs using objective evidence

Question 9

Communication analysis

Answer 9

In interpersonal therapy, a close examination of an interaction between the child and another person; the goal is to improve the quality of the interaction and the child’s mood

Question 10

Comprehensive family therapy

Answer 10

A treatment program for children with DMDD and their parents; sessions focus on psychoeducation, use of operant conditioning to manage children’s behavior, and emotion-regulation skills

Question 11

Cyberbullying

Answer 11

A form of bullying in which individuals use digital media to hurt, threaten, harass, or embarrass someone

Question 12

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer 12

A psychosocial treatment for youths with mood problems who engage in self-harm; balances accepting the client with encouraging the client to change

Question 13

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Answer 13

A DSM-5-TR depressive disorder characterized by (1) severe and recurrent temper outbursts and (2) persistently angry or irritable mood

Question 14

Distress tolerance

Answer 14

A component of dialectical behavior therapy in which the adolescent recognizes and accepts unpleasant emotions instead of reacting to them

Question 15

Fear of missing out (FOMO)

Answer 15

A state of anxiety or dysphoria that occurs when someone believes that an exciting or interesting social event may happening elsewhere, and they may be excluded

Question 16

Four-function model of NSSI

Answer 16

Posits that youths engage in NSSI because of positive or negative reinforcement; furthermore, NSSI can be either automatic or social

Question 17

Hopelessness theory of suicide

Answer 17

Suicide risk increases when an individual (1) attributes a negative event to stable and global causes, (2) believes the event is important, and (3) believes that he or she is worthless

Question 18

Interpersonal inventory

Answer 18

In interpersonal therapy, an exploration of significant relationships in the child’s life and changes to these relationships that might contribute to mood problems

Question 19

Interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide

Answer 19

Posits that suicide is prompted by three factors: (1) perceived burdensomeness, (2) thwarted belongingness, and (3) capability for suicide

Question 20

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Answer 20

An evidence-based psychosocial treatment for depression that targets disruptions or deficiencies in children’s relationships

Question 21

Interpretation bias training

Answer 21

A computer-based therapy program in which children with DMDD learn to correctly identify the emotional displays of others

Question 22

Kindling hypothesis

Answer 22

Posits that early depressive episodes sensitize individuals to stressful life events and make them more likely to experience depressive episodes in the future

Question 23

Learned helplessness

Answer 23

The idea that people become depressed when they frequently experience failure; over time, they despair rather than cope effectively

Question 24

Limited sick role

Answer 24

In interpersonal therapy, children’s problems are attributed to depression instead of blaming children themselves

Question 25

Major depressive disorder

Answer 25

A DSM-5-TR disorder characterized by depressed mood, anhedonia, and other indicators of dysphoria that last for at least 2 weeks and cause significant distress or impairment

Question 26

Means restriction

Answer 26

A technique to reduce suicidal actions by limiting children’s access to harmful materials or situations (e.g., guns, pain medication)

Question 27

Mindfulness

Answer 27

A component of dialectical behavior therapy in which the adolescent learns to observe events in the present moment without judgment

Question 28

Monoamine hypothesis

Answer 28

Posits that depression is caused by dysregulation of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine

Question 29

Mood thermometer

Answer 29

A visual gauge that children can use to rate the intensity of their emotions

Question 30

Negative attributional style

Answer 30

The tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors and positive events to external, unstable, and situational factors

Question 31

Negative schema

Answer 31

In Beck’s cognitive theory of depression, a negative view of self, world, and the future that can affect one’s perception of events

Question 32

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 32

Repeated, intentional damage to the surface of the body that is likely to cause bleeding, bruising, or pain, but without an intent to die

Question 33

Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSI-D)

Answer 33

A DSM-5-TR “condition for further study” characterized by recurrent NSSI; specific expectations for engaging in self-injury; and specific thoughts, feelings, or events occurring before or after the self-injury

Question 34

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 34

A DSM-5-TR disorder characterized by chronically depressed and/or irritable mood for at least 2 years in adults or 1 year in children and resulting in significant distress or impairment

Question 35

Response-contingent positive reinforcement

Answer 35

Pleasant experiences that are gained through one’s actions

Question 36

Safety plan

Answer 36

A verbal and written agreement between adolescents, caregivers, and therapists that is designed to reduce the likelihood of suicidal behavior

Question 37

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 37

Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin, allowing it to be detected in the synaptic cleft more easily; effective in reducing depression in children

Question 38

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 38

Antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, allowing these neurotransmitters to be detected in the synaptic cleft more easily; effective in reducing depression in children

Question 39

SMARTS goals

Answer 39

In cognitive–behavioral therapy, treatment objectives that are specifically stated, measurable, appealing, realistic, and timed

Question 40

Social contagion model

Answer 40

A theory in which peers are believed to model and reinforce self-injury

Question 41

Socratic questioning

Answer 41

In cognitive–behavior therapy, the tendency of the therapist to challenge the child’s beliefs by asking questions to draw out information from the child

Question 42

Suicidal ideation

Answer 42

Thoughts about one’s death or suicide without engaging in self-injury

Question 43

Suicidal self-injury

Answer 43

A deliberate, self-inflicted injury with an intent to die

Question 44

Suicide contagion

Answer 44

A process whereby one suicide within a school or community increases the likelihood that others will also attempt suicide or self-harm

Question 45

Survey of Outcomes Following Treatment for Adolescent Depression (SOFTAD)

Answer 45

A follow-up to TADS; showed that most youths recover from their initial depressive episode but many relapse within 3 years

Question 46

Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS)

Answer 46

A large, randomized controlled study that showed that medication and therapy yielded slightly better outcomes than medication alone for adolescents with depression

Question 47

Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) study

Answer 47

A study that demonstrated that antidepressant medication reduced suicidal behavior in youths who previously attempted suicide

Question 48

Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) study

Answer 48

A large, randomized controlled study that indicated that the combination of medication and therapy was superior to medication alone for adolescents with treatment-resistant depression

Question 49

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 49

Older antidepressants that affect serotonin and norepinephrine but do not reduce depressive symptoms in children better than placebo; can cause serious side effects