ch 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

functional classification of human joints (ROM considered)

A

Synarthrosis: immovable joint
-bony edges are close together, may interlock or fuse
-extremely strong joints
-located where movement is prevented
–bony fusion/bony joint (synostosis)
–fibrous (suture)
–cartilaginous (synchondrosis: epiphyseal plate)
Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable
-stronger than freely movable joints
–fibrous: syndesmosis, gomphosis
–cartilaginous: symphysis : intervertebral discs
Diarthrosis: fdreely movable also weakest
–also called Synovial Joints
–typically at ends of long bones
–subdivided by nature of movement : monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial, multiaxial

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2
Q

4 distinguishing features of synovial joints

A

1) articular cartilage:
-articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the ends of the bones forming the joint preventing contact between the bony surfaces
-slick and smooth
- not covered by the perichondruim with a more watery matrix
2) joint capsule (articular capsule): unique to synovial joints
-joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve or capsule of outer fibrous capsule or fibrous membrane: dense collagenous CT
–continuous with the periostea of articulating bones
-lined by a smoothe inner synovial membrane: synoviocytes + areolar CT and elastic fibers
3) joint cavity (synovial cavity):
-enclosed by the joint capsule
-contains a thin film of lubricating synovial fluid:
–resembles interstitial fluid, but conatin high concentration of proteoglycans
(3 primary functions of synovial fluid 1. lubrication, 2. nutrient distribution, 3. shock absorption)
4) reinforcing accessory structures: pads of cartilage or fat, ligaments, tendons and bursae

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3
Q

reinforcing structures

A

cartilages and fat pads: several joints contain fat pads
-localized adipose tissue
-covered by a layer of synovial membrane
-commonly found superficial to joint capsule
-protect articular cartilages
-act as packing material for the joint (some contain articular discs or meniscus: pad of fibrocartilage)
Tendon:
- not part of the joint
-tendons passing across or around a joint stabilizes it and provide mechanical support

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4
Q

reinforcing structures

A

cartilages and fat pads: several joints contain fat pads
-localized adipose tissue
-covered by a layer of synovial membrane
-commonly found superficial to joint capsule
-protect articular cartilages
-act as packing material for the joint (some contain articular discs or meniscus: pad of fibrocartilage)
Tendon:
- not part of the joint
-tendons passing across or around a joint stabilizes it and provide mechanical support for it
Sensory nerves and blood vessels:
-numerous in synovial joints
-nerves detect painful stimuli, monitors movement and stretch (golgi tendon organ- found in tendons)

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5
Q

reinforcing accessory structures cont’d

A

ligaments:
-support, strengthen reinforce articulating bones
-sprain: ligament is stretched to the point where some or all the collagen fibers are torn
bursa
-small flattened fluid pockets
-contain synovial fluid
-outer dense collagenous CT lined with synovial membrane
- may be connected or separate from the joint cavity
- common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and bones rub together
Tendon sheaths (synovial sheaths)
-elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
-protects all sides of tendon as they slide back and forth

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6
Q

planes of dynamic motion

A

nonaxial(translational):
-gliding allows only small amounts of movement, but may occur back-and-forth, and side to side
-gliding does not permit rotation
-plane (gliding) joints (intercarpal joints of the wrists, intertarsal joints, and claviculosternal joints)
monaxial (uniaxial):
-movement along one axis (angular or rotation movement)
-hinge joints (elbow), pivot joints (proximal radio-ulnar joint)
biaxial
-movement along one axis (angular or rotation movement only)
-condylar joints (radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, saddle joints)
Triaxal joints (multiaxial):
-movement along three axes (angular and rotational movement)
-ball and socket joints (shoulder and hip joints )

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7
Q

gliding joint (plane joint)

A

flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces that slide across one another back and forth, side to side
i.e.: intercarpal and intertarsal

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8
Q

hinge joint

A

angular movement in one axis (monaxial)
either angular or rotation
i.e. elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint

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9
Q

pivot joint

A

rotational movement in one axis (monaxial)

i.e. atlanto-axial joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint

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10
Q

ellipsoid joint (condylar joint)

A

oval articular face within a depression allowing for angular movemnts around two axes (including circumduction), but not rotation. can do more than one angular movement
i.e. radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5, metatarsophalangeal joints

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11
Q

saddle joint

A

concave-convex articulation permitting angular movement around two axes; limited circumduction, but not rotation
i.e. first carpometacarpal joint

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12
Q

ball and socket joint

A

round head of one bone within a cup shaped depression in another
all combinations of angular (including circumduction) and rotational movements

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13
Q

shoulder joint

A
  • between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
  • ball and socket joint
  • allows more motion than any other joint
  • least stable; supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments.
  • glenoid labrum: socket of shoulder joint- deepens socket of glenoid cavity, fibrocartilage lining, extends past bone
  • acromion and coracoid process: project laterally, superior to humerus; help stabilize joint
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14
Q

elbow joint

A
  • stable hinge joint due to thick joint capsule, bony surfaces of humerus and ulna interlock closely and multiple, strong ligaments reinforce joint
  • withing articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna
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15
Q

hip joint (coxal joint)

A
  • strong ball and socket joint: diarthrosis

- wide range of motion

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16
Q

knee joint

A

-complicated hinge joint
-transfers weight from femur to tibia
-articulations: two femur-tibia articulations (medial and lateral condyles); one between patella and patellar surface of femur
articular capsule and joint cavity: medial and lateral menisci: cushion and stabilize joint, lateral knee support
seven major supporting ligaments:
1 patellar ligament
2&3 two popliteal ligaments
4&5 anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
6 tibial collateral ligament
7 fibular collateral ligament

17
Q

knee injuries

A

3 C’s:
cruciates (anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments)
collaterals (medial and lateral collateral ligaments)
cartilages (medial and lateral menisci)

18
Q

extracapular ligament

A

medial and lateral collateral lig

19
Q

intracpular ligament

A

found inside joint cavity/ synovial cavity (anterior and posterior cruciate ligament)

20
Q

capsular ligament

A

part of fibrous membrane/ joint capsule (instrinsic ligament)

21
Q

osteoarthritis: OA (degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease)

A

generally affects 60 or older
most common
chronic degenerative condition
course is usually slow and irreversible, rarely crippling
most common joints affected: fingers, cervical and lumbar joints, knees and hips
result from wear and tear at joint surfaces; genetic factors affecting collagen formation

22
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

progressive chronic disease/ affects more women then men
inflammatory disorder
usually between 40-50 y/o but can occur at any age
autoimmune disease
marked by remissions and flareups
occurs symmetrically (right and left sides affected)
attacks synovial joints

23
Q

gouty arthritis (crystal arthritis)

A
affects more men than women
crystal depostion withing synovial fluid
accumulation of crystals over time interferes with normal movement (uric acid or calcium salts)
uric acid crystals= gout
strong genetic dispostion 
avoid alcohol, red meat, cabbage