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bio 223 > ch 4 > Flashcards

ch 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic body tissue types

A

Epithelial tissue: covers exposed surfaces, found in the lining of internal passageways, lumens, cavities, ducts, canals chambers.
Connective tissue: fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials withing body, stores energy reserves; found in bone and blood
Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction of smooth, cardiac, skeletal muscle.
Nervous tissue: carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses called action potentials

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2
Q

cellular junctions

A
  1. tight junctions: cell to cell, prevents the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells and isolates wastes in the lumen. Not designed for structure
  2. Adherens junction: form adhesion belts and terminal web. built for structure where pulling, stretching, bending twisting is present.
  3. Desomosome: serve to mechanically attach adjacent cells that allow stretching, bending , twisting, or compression. Contain keratin, plaque, and cadherin
  4. Hemidesmosomes: Cell to basement membrane; serve to mechanically attach cells to basement membrane. Contain keratin, plaque, and integrin.
  5. gap junction: serve as communication channels between cells. Channel proteins called connexins. free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells
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3
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A
  1. protection: provides physical barrier
  2. control permeability: any substance going in or out must cross an epithelium
  3. secretion: gland cells can be scattered or can make up most or all of the epithelial(glandular epithelium)
  4. sensation: most sensitive to stimulation; sensory cells provide sensation of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium and hearing found in Neuroepithelium.
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4
Q

epithelial characteristics

A
  1. Cellularity: composed of almost entirely of cells that are bound closely together. forms bonds with each other or to extracellular matrix.
  2. Polarity: Apical surface vs Basal surface
  3. Avascularity: no blood flow to epithelial tissue because contain no blood vessels
  4. regeneration: epithelial cells that are damaged or lost are continuously replaced through cellular division.
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5
Q

covering vs glandular epithelium

A

covering epithelium: layer of cells that cover or line internal or external surfaces
glandular epithelium: makes up the secreting portion of the glands

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6
Q

simple epithelium

A

One cell layer thick; very fragile; allow for filtration, absorption, exchange of substances, secretion.
Mesothelium: alveoli of lungs
Endothelium: lines chambers of heart and walls of blood vessels
reduces friction; controls vessel permeability

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7
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized epidermis of skin; top layers die

Nonkeratinized: found in areas that need protection from chemical, biological or mechanical stress.

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8
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

located: glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland
functions: limited protection, secretion, absorption

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9
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

noncilitated located: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder
function: protection, secretion, absorption
ciliated located: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi
function: protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia

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10
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

locations: small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
function: protection

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11
Q

transitional epithelium

A

location: urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters
function: permits expansion and recoil after stretching.

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12
Q

endocrine vs exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands: ductless glands, secrete hormones ( inside)
exocrine glands: have ducts that lead the secreted material from gland to surface (outside)

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13
Q

merocrine secretion (exocrine gland)

A

released by secretory vesicle (exocytosis)

most common mode of secretion: ie seat glands (merocrine sweat)

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14
Q

apocrine secretion (exocrine gland)

A

top half of cell disintegrates, produced in golgi apparatus

found in mammary glands

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15
Q

holocrine secretion (exocrine gland)

A

entire cell becomes packed with secretory products then bursts i.e. sebaceous glands

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16
Q

unicellular glands

A

one cell gland, independent and scattered gland cells

mucous goblet cells are the only unicellular exocrine glands

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17
Q

multicellular glands

A
  1. structure of the duct
    - — simple(undivided)
    - —compound(divided)
  2. shape of secretory portion of gland
    - —tubular(tube shaped)
    - —alveolar or acinar (circular)
  3. relationship between ducts and glandular areas
    - —branched (*all compound ducts have branched secretory)
18
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  1. establish structural framework for body
  2. transporting fluids
  3. protecting and insulating delicate organs
  4. supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
  5. storing energy reserves
  6. defending the body from invading microorganisms
  7. compartmentalizes structures
19
Q

specialized cell types in connective tissue

A

fibroblast: most abundant, found in connective tissue proper(CTP), secrete protein fibers and certain components of ground substance
fibrocyte: second most abundant, found in all CTP
adipocyte: fat cell, store single, large fat droplet
mesenchymal cells: stem cells that respond to injury or infection; differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc
mast cells: stimulate inflammation after injury; release histamine(inflammatory agent) and heparin(anti-cagulant)
leukocytes: cells of immune system

20
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

ECM is made up of glycoproteins and proteins: collagen, proteolgycans, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
functions: support, adhesion, movement, regulation

21
Q

collagen fibers

A

most abundant protein type although different types of collagen.
most common in connective tissue proper.
long, straight, and unbranched (rope shaped)
strong but still flexible
resist force in one direction

22
Q

reticular fibers

A

different type of collagen; fine collagenous fibers
branch extensively
form a network of interwoven fibers called stoma

23
Q

elastic fibers

A

composed of protein elastin and fibrillin
branched and wavey
smaller in diameter than collagen fibers
strong, flexible and extremely elastic (rubber bad of c.t. fibers)

24
Q

areolar connective tissue (loose connective tissue proper)

A

least specialized; open framework with most diverse cell population
elastic fibers, collagen fibers and reticular fibers, directly deep to basement membrane

25
Q

adipose (loose connective tissue proper)

A

located: fat cells, deep to skin, padding around eyes
functions: provides and cushions shocks, insulates and stores energy

26
Q

reticular tissue (loose connective tissue proper)

A

locations: liver, kidney, spleen, bone marrow
functions: provides supportive framework, complex 3-dimensional network (stroma)

27
Q

dense regular collagenous connective tissue proper

A

tightly packed found in tendons, parallel collagen fibers

28
Q

dense regular elastic connective tissue proper

A

tightly packed, parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. found in vocal folds

29
Q

dense irregular collagenous CTP

A

multi-directional bundles of collagen fibers found in dermis of skin. withstands stretching from all directions

30
Q

dense irregular elastic CTP

A

multi-directional bundles of collagen and elastic fibers

found in elastic arteries, withstand pulling and then recoil

31
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

between tips of rigs and bones of sternum

function: provides stiff but somewhat flexible support

32
Q

elastic cartilage

A

location: auricle of external ear
functions: provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

33
Q

fibrocartilage

A

location : pads within knee joint

functions: resists compression; prevents bone to bone contact

34
Q

skeletal muscle

A

locations: combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscle
functions: moves or stabilizes position of the skeleton

35
Q

cardiac muscle

A

location : heart

function: circulates blood; maintain blood pressure

36
Q

smooth muscle

A

location: found in walls of blood vessels, and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
functions: moves food, urine and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways and of blood vessels

37
Q

neurons vs neuroglia

A

neurons: nerve cell; communicate via action potentials
neuroglia: supporting cells; repair, protects and suppply nutrients to neurons.

38
Q

tissue membreanes

A
  1. mucous membrane
  2. serous membrane
  3. cutaneous membrane
  4. synovial membranes
39
Q

mucous membrane

A

thin layer of mucous; found in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. line passageways that have external connections. epithelial surfaces must be moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption, exchange, and excretion
lamina propria

40
Q

serous membrane

A

line cavities not open to outside
thin but strong
have fluid transudate to reduce friction
have parietal layer covering outer cavity wall and visceral layer covering organ surface

41
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

is the skin, thick, waterproof, and dry

42
Q

synovial membranes

A

line joint cavities, produces synovial fluids, protects ends of bones

bio 223 (11 decks)

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