ch 1 Flashcards
define anatomy and human physiology
anatomy: study of internal and external structure of the body; physical relationships among these structures
physiology: study of the function of anatomical structures of the body; how the body and its parts work and perform their vital function
compare and contrast fields of anatomy and physiology.
surface anatomy: exterior features/superficial markings used to study of internal structures
regional anatomy: body areas
systemic anatomy: organ systems
developmental anatomy: from fertilization to death
clinical anatomy: medical specialties
cytology: study of cells and their structure
histology: study of tissues and their structures
cell physiology: processes within and between cells
organ physiology: functions of specific organs
systemic physiology: functions of an organ system
pathological physiology: effects of diseases
levels of organization of the human body
Chemical: atoms are smallest chemical units
Cellular: cells are a group of atoms, molecule, and organelles working together
Tissue: group of specialized cells working together to perform one or more specific funtions
Organ: group of 2 or more different tissues working together performing a specialized function
Organ system: group of organs working together in performing vital body functions.
Organism: individual living thing
integumentary system
components: skin, associated structures: hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
functions: protects body; helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D’ detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold, stores fat and provides insulation.
skeletal system
components: bones and joints and their associated cartilages
functions: supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores lipids and minerals
muscular system
components: skeletal muscle tissue
function: participates in body movements; maintains posture; produces heat
nervous system
components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
function: generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
endocrine sustem
components: hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas,ovaries, and testes)
functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones
cardiovascular system
Components: blood, heart, and blood vessels
Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cell and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
lymphatic system and immunity
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph node, and tonsils.
Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
respiratory system
Components: lungs (pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes)
Functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhale air; helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound
digestive system
Components: organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus)
Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
urinary system
components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
reproductive system
components: gonads (testes and ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary ducts
Functions: gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism
homeostasis
existence of stable internal environment. All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
homeostatic regulation
adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
3 components of homeostatic regulation
- receptor (sensor) ; receives stimulus (receptor to control: afferent signals)
- control center (interrogation center); processes the signal and sends instructions (control to effector: efferent signals)
- effector: carries out instructions
negative feedback loop vs positive feedback loop
Negative: effector negates stimulus, body brought back into homeostasis. normal range achieved i.e. thermoregulation
Positive: response fro effector increases change of stimulus, body moved away from homeostasis. normal range lost, used to speed up process. i.e. labor, blood clotting
state of dynamic equilibrium
small adjustments to stay balanced
anatomical position
human body erect arms at sides palms forward feet together head is level eyes facing directly forward
bilateral symmetry
midline is bilateral symmetry
directional terms
supine: person lying down in anatomical position
prone: person lying facing down
superior: moving up
inferior: moving down
anterior/ventral: front side
posterior/dorsal: back side
proximal: moving closer to trunk of body
distal: moving away from trunk of body
medial: moving toward midline
lateral: moving away from midline
superficial:relatively close to body surface
deep: farther from body surface
ipsilateral: same side
contralateral: opposite side
section and planes
frontal plane/ coronal
transverse plane/ horizontal, cross section
sagittal plane: midsagittal, parasagittal
body cavities
Ventral body cavity and dorsal body cavity
ventral body cavity consists of
thoracic cavity: pleural (lungs) cavity and pericardial cavity (heart). and abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity(surrounds many digestive glands and organs) and pelvic cavity (surrounds urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive system)
3 essential functions of body cavities
- protects delicate organs by providing a cushion
- permits significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs
- prevent friction due to internal organ movement
serous membrane aka mesothelium
delicate membrane that partially or completely encloses the ventral body cavity
visceral serous membrane
serous membrane that directly wraps or surrounds organ
parietal serous membrane
serous membrane surrounds the walls or chamber of the cavity
serous membranes of human body
Thoracic cavity: visceral pleura, parietal pleura; visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic cavity: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
