ch 1 Flashcards
define anatomy and human physiology
anatomy: study of internal and external structure of the body; physical relationships among these structures
physiology: study of the function of anatomical structures of the body; how the body and its parts work and perform their vital function
compare and contrast fields of anatomy and physiology.
surface anatomy: exterior features/superficial markings used to study of internal structures
regional anatomy: body areas
systemic anatomy: organ systems
developmental anatomy: from fertilization to death
clinical anatomy: medical specialties
cytology: study of cells and their structure
histology: study of tissues and their structures
cell physiology: processes within and between cells
organ physiology: functions of specific organs
systemic physiology: functions of an organ system
pathological physiology: effects of diseases
levels of organization of the human body
Chemical: atoms are smallest chemical units
Cellular: cells are a group of atoms, molecule, and organelles working together
Tissue: group of specialized cells working together to perform one or more specific funtions
Organ: group of 2 or more different tissues working together performing a specialized function
Organ system: group of organs working together in performing vital body functions.
Organism: individual living thing
integumentary system
components: skin, associated structures: hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
functions: protects body; helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D’ detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold, stores fat and provides insulation.
skeletal system
components: bones and joints and their associated cartilages
functions: supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores lipids and minerals
muscular system
components: skeletal muscle tissue
function: participates in body movements; maintains posture; produces heat
nervous system
components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
function: generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
endocrine sustem
components: hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas,ovaries, and testes)
functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones
cardiovascular system
Components: blood, heart, and blood vessels
Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cell and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
lymphatic system and immunity
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph node, and tonsils.
Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
respiratory system
Components: lungs (pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes)
Functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhale air; helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound
digestive system
Components: organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus)
Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
urinary system
components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
reproductive system
components: gonads (testes and ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary ducts
Functions: gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism
homeostasis
existence of stable internal environment. All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
