ch 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

axial skeleton bones

A

skill: cranium, facial bones
thoracic cage: sternum, ribs
vertebral column: vertabrae, sacrum, coccyx

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
upper limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
pelvic girdle: os coxae
lower limbs: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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3
Q

functions of axial skeleton

A
  1. provides framework: support and protects brain, spinal cord, organs of dorsal and ventral body
  2. provides extensive surface area for the attachment of muscles of head, neck and trunk
  3. stabilizes or positions parts of the appendicular skeleton
  4. performs respiratory movements
    roughly 80 bones
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4
Q

functions of appendicular skeleton

A

allows us to move and manipulate objects

126 bones

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5
Q

thoracic cage

A

includes thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
2 functions:
1. protects the organs of thoracic cavity
2.muscle attachment points for muscles involved in respiration, maintenance of the position of the vertebral column, movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

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6
Q

rib cage

A

ribs (costae): 12 pairs numbered 1-12
true ribs(vertebrosternal ribs): 1-7 gradually increase in length and radius of curvature, attaches directly to sternum
false ribs (8-12): ribs 8-10: vertebrochondral ribs, ribs 11-12: floating ribs, vertebral ribs
sternum: flat bone, midline of thoracic wall. Has 3 parts: manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

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7
Q

vertebral regions

A
Cervical vertebrae: C1-C7 ; c1 is atlas, c2 is axis
Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacrum: S1-S5
coccyx: Co1- Co3/o5
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8
Q

normal spinal curvatures

A
  1. cervical curve
  2. thoracic curve
  3. lumbar curve
  4. sacral curve
    primary curves (accommodation curves): thoracic and sacral curves present at birth, appear late in development, accommodate internal organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
    secondary curves (compensation curves): cervical and lumbar curves, present after birth several months later, help shift body weight for upright posture
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9
Q

abnormal curvature of vertebral column

A
  1. kyphosis: hunchback, bent or slouching posture. thoracic curvature is exaggerated posteriorly. Causes include osteoporosis, interverbral disk degeneration, abnormal vertebral growth
  2. Lordosis: swayback. lumbar curvature is exaggerated anteriorly. Causes include: pregnancy, obesity, weakness in muscles of abdominal wall
  3. Scoliosis: crookedness. Abnormal lateral curvature o f spin in one or more of the vertebrae, most common distortion. Causes include result from development problems, muscular paralysis affecting one side of body, idiopathic in girls during adolescences.
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10
Q

Male vs female pelvis

A

female pelvis: smoother and lighter.
less prominent muschle and ligament attachments
pelvis modifications for childbearing: enlarged pelvic outlet, broad subpuic angle (less than or equal to 90-100 degrees), less curvature of sacrum and coccyx, wide, circular pelvic inlet, broad, low pelvis, ilia project laterally not upwards.

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11
Q

pectoral girdle

A

connects the arms to the body, positions the shoulders, provides a base for arm movement
consists of 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae; connects with axial skeleton only at manubrium

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12
Q

upper limbs

A

consists of arms, forearms, wrists, and hands.

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

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13
Q

pelvic girdle

A

made up of 2 hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae)
strong to bear body wight and stress of movement. part of the pelvis
coxal bones made up of 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, pubis.

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14
Q

pelvis

A
Os Coxae (coxal bones)+ Sacrum+ Coccyx
stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
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15
Q

true pelvis

A

encloses pelvic cavity.
pelvic brim: upper edge of true pelvis; encloses pelvic inlet
perineum region: inferior edges of true pelvis, forms pelvic outlet, perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity

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16
Q

lower limbs

A
weight bearing: transfers the body weight to the ground, motion 
consists of: 
femur(thigh)
patella (kneecap)
tibia and fibula (leg)
tarsals (ankle)
metatarsals (foot)
phalanges (toes)
17
Q

arches of the feet

A

arches transfer wight from one part of the foot to another
longitudinal arch
transverse arch: formed by difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of foot.