ch 7

Question 1

axial skeleton bones

Answer 1

skill: cranium, facial bones
thoracic cage: sternum, ribs
vertebral column: vertabrae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
upper limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
pelvic girdle: os coxae
lower limbs: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 3

functions of axial skeleton

Answer 3

1. provides framework: support and protects brain, spinal cord, organs of dorsal and ventral body
2. provides extensive surface area for the attachment of muscles of head, neck and trunk
3. stabilizes or positions parts of the appendicular skeleton
4. performs respiratory movements
   roughly 80 bones

Question 4

functions of appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

allows us to move and manipulate objects

126 bones

Question 5

thoracic cage

Answer 5

includes thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
2 functions:
1. protects the organs of thoracic cavity
2.muscle attachment points for muscles involved in respiration, maintenance of the position of the vertebral column, movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Question 6

rib cage

Answer 6

ribs (costae): 12 pairs numbered 1-12
true ribs(vertebrosternal ribs): 1-7 gradually increase in length and radius of curvature, attaches directly to sternum
false ribs (8-12): ribs 8-10: vertebrochondral ribs, ribs 11-12: floating ribs, vertebral ribs
sternum: flat bone, midline of thoracic wall. Has 3 parts: manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

Question 7

vertebral regions

Answer 7

Cervical vertebrae: C1-C7 ; c1 is atlas, c2 is axis
Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacrum: S1-S5
coccyx: Co1- Co3/o5

Question 8

normal spinal curvatures

Answer 8

1. cervical curve
2. thoracic curve
3. lumbar curve
4. sacral curve
   primary curves (accommodation curves): thoracic and sacral curves present at birth, appear late in development, accommodate internal organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
   secondary curves (compensation curves): cervical and lumbar curves, present after birth several months later, help shift body weight for upright posture

Question 9

abnormal curvature of vertebral column

Answer 9

1. kyphosis: hunchback, bent or slouching posture. thoracic curvature is exaggerated posteriorly. Causes include osteoporosis, interverbral disk degeneration, abnormal vertebral growth
2. Lordosis: swayback. lumbar curvature is exaggerated anteriorly. Causes include: pregnancy, obesity, weakness in muscles of abdominal wall
3. Scoliosis: crookedness. Abnormal lateral curvature o f spin in one or more of the vertebrae, most common distortion. Causes include result from development problems, muscular paralysis affecting one side of body, idiopathic in girls during adolescences.

Question 10

Male vs female pelvis

Answer 10

female pelvis: smoother and lighter.
less prominent muschle and ligament attachments
pelvis modifications for childbearing: enlarged pelvic outlet, broad subpuic angle (less than or equal to 90-100 degrees), less curvature of sacrum and coccyx, wide, circular pelvic inlet, broad, low pelvis, ilia project laterally not upwards.

Question 11

pectoral girdle

Answer 11

connects the arms to the body, positions the shoulders, provides a base for arm movement
consists of 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae; connects with axial skeleton only at manubrium

Question 12

upper limbs

Answer 12

consists of arms, forearms, wrists, and hands.

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

Question 13

pelvic girdle

Answer 13

made up of 2 hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae)
strong to bear body wight and stress of movement. part of the pelvis
coxal bones made up of 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, pubis.

Question 14

pelvis

Answer 14

Os Coxae (coxal bones)+ Sacrum+ Coccyx
stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

Question 15

true pelvis

Answer 15

encloses pelvic cavity.
pelvic brim: upper edge of true pelvis; encloses pelvic inlet
perineum region: inferior edges of true pelvis, forms pelvic outlet, perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity

Question 16

lower limbs

Answer 16

weight bearing: transfers the body weight to the ground, motion 
consists of: 
femur(thigh)
patella (kneecap)
tibia and fibula (leg)
tarsals (ankle)
metatarsals (foot)
phalanges (toes)

Question 17

arches of the feet

Answer 17

arches transfer wight from one part of the foot to another
longitudinal arch
transverse arch: formed by difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of foot.