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ch 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of the integumentary system

A

thermoregulation: contribute to body temp regulation; adjusting blood flow to the dermis
blood reservoir: holds large volumes of blood
protection: keratin:protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat and chemicals. lipids: inhibit evaporation. sebum: keeps hair and nails from dying out, contains bactericidal chemicals. Acid PH: retards growth of some microbes. melanin: uv protection. intraepidermal macrophages: phagocytizes microbes.
cutaneous sensation: detection of touch and pressure, vibration and tickling, pain
excretion and absorption: excretion of salts, water and organic wastes.
synthesis of vitamin d.

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2
Q

2 major components of integument

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane
    - – epidermis: superficial epithelium; avascular and composed of epithelial tissue
    - – dermis: underlying area of connective tissue: vascular and composed of connective tissue
  2. Accessory structures: hair, nails, exocrine glands (sebaceous glands- sebum, oil; ceruminous glands- cerumen wax; sudoriferous glands- perspiration sweat- merocrine and apocrine)
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3
Q

skin layers; Come Lets Get Sun Burned

A
  1. Stratum Basale: deepest layer
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. Stratum Corneum: superficial layer
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4
Q

Stratum Basale

A

deepest epidermal layer; in contact with basement membrane and attached by hemidesomosomes.
composed of single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes wich have scattered tonofilaments. Also contains dividing cells called basale(germinative) cells
1. merkel cells (tactile cells): respond to light touch and superficial pressure; works with merkel discs (tactile discs)
2. melanocytes: produces pigment melanin (pheomelanin: yellow brown; Eumelanin: brown-black)

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5
Q

stratum spinosum

A

spiny layer; provides strength and flexibility to skin. keratinocytes produce coarser bundles of keratin intermediates, cells shrink appearing spiny. Lamellar bodies (granules) accumulate.
—dendritic (langerhans) cells: active in immune response. move around epidermis looking to engulf anything harmful

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6
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

the grainy layer. Marks transition between deeper, matabolically active strata and the dead cell layers of more superficial strata. keratinocytes stop producing keratin. keratohyalin: dense granules, cross-link keratin fibers, promotes further dehydration. membrane enclosed lamellar bodies release lipid rich secretion, hard protein envelope forms beneath plasma membrane

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7
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer. found only in thick skin 4-6 layers. cells are clear, flattened, dead, densely packed together, largely devoid of organelles, filled with keratin and thickened plasma membrane

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8
Q

stratum corneum

A

horny or cornified layer. exposed surface of skin. resistant to abrasion, repels water, protects again microbes

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9
Q

4 cell types in the epidermis

A

A. keratinocyte: keratin intermediate.
B. melanocyte (pigment) : melanin granule
C. intaepidermal macrophage cell
D. tactile epithelial (merkel) cells/ tactile (merkel) disc: light touch and pressure.

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10
Q

skin coloration

A

epidermal pigmentation:

  1. carotene: an orange-yellow pigment that normally accumulates in epidermal cells, fatty tissues in the deep dermis and subcutaneous layer. Can be converted to Vitamin A.
  2. Melanin: brown, yellow- brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes. Transfer of melanin contaning intracellular vesicles called melanosomes from melanocyte to keratinocyte. Protects cutaneous membrane from harmful effects of UV radiation. melanin synthesis accelerates slowly.
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11
Q

Dermis

A

tissue layer that supports the epidermis. Anchors epidermal accessory structures. Contains all the cells of connective tissue proper, networks of blood vessels and nerve fibers.

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12
Q

Dermis: Papillary Layer

A

superficial layer (20%) consists of areolar tissue, contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons. has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges. contain fibroblast

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13
Q

Dermis: Reticular layer

A

deeper, thicker layer (80%) consists of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

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14
Q

Thin skin

A

hairy skin except for lips and external genitalia
makes up majority of superficial epithelium
composed of 4 layers
dermis is thicker than thick skin
contain hair, sebaceous gland, merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands, some areas have apocrine sweat glands.

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15
Q

Thick skin

A

hairless skin
found in fingertips, toes, soles of the feet and palms of hands.
composed of 5 strata
dermis is thinner than thin skin
does not contain hair, sebaceous gland or apocrine sweat, but contains merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

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16
Q

dermal blood supply

A
  1. Cutaneous plexus: network of blood vessels
    - -blood vessels in subcutaneous that branch into the reticular layer. supply both the adipose tissue of the subQ and tissues of the integuement
  2. Papillary plexus: capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer, follows the contours of the epidermis-dermis boundary
17
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia
lies below the integument. (Not part of the integument)
stabilizes the skin, allows separate movement, consists of elastic areolar and adipose tissues, connected to the reticular layer of integument by interwoven connective tissue fibers. few capillaries and no vital organs, subcutaneous fat provides extra insulation, reduces heat loss, and energy depot.

18
Q

lines of cleavage (tension lines)

A

collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis: arranged in parallel bundles, resist force in a specific direction
Lines of cleavage: establish important patterns; parallel cut remains shut, heals well. a cut across pulls open and scars.

19
Q

skin cancer

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma: least severe but most common. slow growing, doesn’t metastasize (spread)
  2. squamous cell carcinoma: a little more severe, slow growing, more likely to spread
  3. malignant melanoma: most severe, deadliest.
20
Q

ABCDEs

A

A. Asymmetry: border of the mole isn’t symmetrical
B. Border: irregular, not smooth or round
C. Color: not one specific color. Usually brown/black
D. Diameter: 5 mm is ok and under; not if its growing
E. Evolving: changing in size or color

21
Q

Hair follicle

A

functions:
1. protects and insulates
2. guards openings against particles and insects
3. sensitive to very light touch due to root hair plexus
located deep in dermis, produces nonliving hairs
wrapped in dense connective tissue sheath (dermal root sheath: consists of dense fibrous connective tissue; outer most layer)(epithelial root sheath: epithelial tissues; internal, external root sheath)
base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

22
Q

Hair root/ shaft

A

hair root: lower part of the hair, attached to integument
hair shaft: upper part of the hair. not attached to the integument.
consist of Medulla(central core), cortex (middle layer), cuticle (surface layer)

23
Q

hair production

A

begins at base of hair follicle, deep in the dermis. Hair papilla contains capillaries and nerves, hair bulb produces hair matrix: a layer of dividing basal cells, produces hair structure, and pushes hair up and out of skin.
growing hair firmly attached to hair matrix, club hair is not growing and attached to inactive follicle, new hair growth cycle follicle becomes active to produce new hair and club hair is shed or pushed out by growing hair.

24
Q

hair types and color

A

Vellus hairs: soft, fine, peach fuzz, cover body surface
Terminal hair: thicker, heavy, pigmented, head, eyebrows, and eyelashes, other parts of body after puberty
Hair color: produced by melanocytes at hair papilla, determined by genes

25
Q

hair cycle

A

Anagen (2-6 years): growth stage
Catagen (2-3 weeks): regression
Telogen (1-3 months): resting stage; hair not dead just not dividing
Return to anagen

26
Q

sebaceous glands(oil glands)

A

exocrine glands in skin, holocrine glands.
secrete sebum: mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and electrolytes. Inhibits growth of bacteria, lubercates and protects keratin of hair shaft, conditions surrounding skin

27
Q

sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

A

exocrine glands in skin, merocrine mode of secretion.
2 types:
1. Apocrine sweat gland
2. Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland

28
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A

secrete products into hair follicle, foundin armpit, around nipples and in pubic region.
sweat is sticky, cloudy and potentially smelly
begin secreting during puberty
surrounding secretory cells in these glands are myoepithelial cells (contract and squeeze gland)

29
Q

Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland

A

thermoregulation
produces watery secretions (water, salts, organic compounds)– sensible perspiration
smaller than apocrine, not as deep into dermis
functions:
cools skin
excretes water and electrolytes
flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

30
Q

insensible perspiration

A

interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum
dehydration results: from damage to stratum corneum, from immersion in hypertonic solution.

31
Q

sensible perspiration

A

water excreted by sweat glands

32
Q

Nails and their structure

A

function: protect fingers and toes, made of dead keratinocytes packed with keratin, metabolic disorders can change nail structure
structure: Nail plate
nail body: visible portion of nail
nail bed: stratified squamous epithelia
nail root
free edge
lunula: pale crescent at base of nail
hyponychium: beneath distal free edge of nail
eponychium (cuticle): where visible nail emerges, tip of proximal nail fold.

33
Q

nail growth

A

nail matrix contain dividing cells, which produce new nail cells

34
Q

repair of integument

A

epidermal wound healing(superficial wound healing): no blood, healing quick, no scarring
deep wound healing: bleeding occurs, mast cells trigger inflammatory response, scab stabilizes and protects the area, basale cells migrate around wound, macrophages clean area, fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in producing granulation tissue.

35
Q

effects of aging

A

epidermal thinning
decreased numbers of dendritc (langerhans) cells
decrease vitamin D3 production, melanocyte activity, and glandular activity

36
Q

burns classified

A

first degree: epidermis
second degree: dermis
third degree: subcutaneous tissue

bio 223 (11 decks)

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