Ch. 8

Question 1

shift from family to friends

Answer 1

teens spend more time w/ friends/peers > family

-peer relationships increase in amount of time spent together, and depth/quality

-children get intimacy and support from parents, adults get this from life partners
–peers bridge gap during adolescents and young adulthood

-more likely to talk w/ parents about ambitions and edu.

-more interested in talking w/ peers about personal topics, like relationships and sex

Question 2

friendship in traditional cultures

Answer 2

similarities:
-spending more time w/ peers
-friends are primary source of intimacy and closeness

differences:
-girls spend more time w/ same-sex adults than boys
–boys spend more time w/ peers

-more time spent w/ adults and families than is typical for adolescents in West

Question 3

emotional intensity and friends

Answer 3

happiness is greater when teenagers are with their friends and increases through emerging adulthood

-close friends mirror each others’ emotions and offer validation
–give context for free expression, openness, and acceptance

-friends as greatest source of negative emotions

-strong emphasis and reliance on friends leaves adolescents vulnerable

Question 4

intimacy

Answer 4

degree to which people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings

-adolescents develop friendship with 1 or 2 ‘best friends’

-perspective-taking and empathy allows friendship based on intimacy > play

-assists in identity dev. through exchanging ideas and evaluations of e/o

Question 5

gender differences in intimacy

Answer 5

personal disclosure promoted emotional closeness for women

-shared activities were basis of emotional closeness for men

-girls have more personal shared exp. w/ female peers at earlier ages
–want to talk about personal topics less comfortable for conversation w/ parents

-girls are encouraged more than boys to discuss emotions

-adolescent boys develop intimacy that revolve around sharing secrets, offering phys. and emotional protection, and disclosure of feelings of friends and family

Question 6

risk-taking behavior

Answer 6

peer pressure as neg. influence on getting involved in risky behavior and protective factor in discouraging risky behavior

Question 7

selective association

Answer 7

people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves

-discouragement of risk-taking is strongest

Question 8

Thomas Berndt’s 4 types of friend support

Answer 8

1) informational
2) instrumental
3) companionship
4) esteem

Question 9

informational support

Answer 9

advice and guidance from someone experiencing similar issues, and who will accept and understand

Question 10

instrumental support

Answer 10

help with various tasks

Question 11

companionship support

Answer 11

being a relied upon companion for social activities

-adolescents otherwise experience anxiety of who to sit with at lunch or bus, or who to go with to an event

Question 12

esteem support

Answer 12

giving congratulations for successes and providing condolences in failure

-friends ‘on your side’ in good and bad

Question 13

cliques

Answer 13

groups of people who spend time together, are close and form regular social group

-sarcasm and ridicule in and out of group are common in cliques
–establishes social order and discourages non-conformity

Question 14

crowds

Answer 14

larger reputation-based groupings of people who don’t spend much time together outside school

-not necessarily friends

Question 15

relational aggression

Answer 15

non-physical aggression that harms others by damaging relationships

-includes sarcasm, ridicule, gossiping, snubbing, and exclusion

-associated w/ depression, loneliness, and eating disorders

-most common with girls because they experience anger but aren’t given socially endorsed outlets for expressing emotion

Question 16

crowd changes

Answer 16

categories become more differentiated and less hierarchal

Question 17

sociometry

Answer 17

method for assessing popularity that involves having students rate the social status of others

-phys. attractiveness, social skills, and high intelligence are positively correlated w/ popularity at all ages
–characteristics are friendly, positive, confident, kind and sensitive

Question 18

popularity stability

Answer 18

popular adolescents tend to become popular adults due to self-perpetuating factors like learned expectations and opportunities for social skill development

Question 19

2 categories of unpopular adolescents

Answer 19

1) rejected
2) neglected

Question 20

rejected

Answer 20

disliked, aggressive, disruptive, ignore needs of others

-interventions focus on emotional regulation
–anger management, pos. goal setting, problem solving

Question 21

neglected

Answer 21

shy and withdrawn

-unable to make connections, ignored

-interventions teach social skills
–how to enter group, how to listen and attract pos. attention

Question 22

bullying

Answer 22

extreme form of peer rejection

-victims reported higher rates of anxiety, unhappiness, headaches, and difficulty sleeping

-global average of 10-20% of adolescents as victims

-1/4 of bullies are victims themselves

Question 23

3 bullying components

Answer 23

1) phys. or relational aggression
2) repetition
3) power imbalance

Question 24

youth culture

Answer 24

characterized by own norms and values

-participation is ‘rite of passage’ in West

-emphasizes hedonism and irresponsibility before entering adult world and its restraints

Question 25

3 youth culture components

Answer 25

1) image
-clothes, hair, accessories

2) demeanor
-posture, gait, gestures

3) argot
-vocabulary, slang, ways of speaking

Question 26

friendship in adulthood

Answer 26

other-sex friendship becomes more common
–can be complicated by sexual element

–leads to misunderstandings and difficulties

–‘ground rules’ for emotions, communication and phys. intimacy and rarely agreed upon in advance

-importance of friendship declines as enduring and serious romantic relationships develop and require time and emotions

-older adults rely on friends for assistance and problem-solving
–friends supply emotional support, self-esteem, sense of importance, and decreased risk of mental and phys. health disorders