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Adolescence > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

adolescence

A

period of life between the time puberty starts and the time adulthood is approached, where youth are preparing to take on roles and responsibilities of adulthood in culture

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2
Q

adolescence in ancient Greece

A

Plato and Aristotle saw adolescence as a distinct stage (14-21 yrs.)

-reasoning develops and ‘serious’ education may begin
–childhood is for sports and music, leaving math and science for adolescence

-impulse control is task of adolescence and mastered by end of adolescence

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3
Q

“Children’s Crusade”

A

teenagers set out from Germany towards the Mediterranean coast, believing the sea would part for them like the Red Sea, and they could appeal to Muslims in Jerusalem where adult crusades failed

-“Innocence of Youth” that was supposed to be so valuable in this mission made them a target

-many robbed, raped or kidnapped, and those survived were sold as slaves

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4
Q

adolescence 1500-1890

A

18th-19th cent.: U.S. saw life-cycle service fading for adolescent moves to cities to participate in industrial work, away from ties to family or community

-rise in social problems (crime, premarital sex, alcohol use) prompted new institutions of social support and control

–religious associations, literary societies, YMCAs to help adults interact with and monitor youth

–worked to reduce social problems

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5
Q

life-cycle service

A

1500s Europe: domestic service, farm work, or
apprenticeships that adolescents undertook.

-move away from home into the home of a ‘master’ to learn from (avg period of 7 years)

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6
Q

3 factors leading to age of adolescence (late 1800s)

A
  1. Industrial Revolution
    -children aged 10-13 were being
    exploited for labor in mines and factories

-12 hour days for 35 cents a day, leading to child labor laws and restrictions

  1. Secondary school
    -became required creating demarcation between adolescence as a time of continued education and adulthood as beginning when education ends.
  2. adolescence established as field of scholarly study
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7
Q

culture

A

pattern of group’s distinctive way of life, including customs, art, technologies and beliefs

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8
Q

society

A

group who interacts in course of sharing a common geographical area

-may include various cultures with different customs, religions, traditions, and economic practices

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9
Q

the West

A

cultural group of nations

-U.S., Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

-characterized by stable democracies, secularism, consumerism and individualism

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10
Q

traditional culture

A

adheres to long-established beliefs and practices

-usually not economically developed

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11
Q

developed countries

A

economic classification that includes wealthy countries of the world, comprising about 18% of world population

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12
Q

developing countries

A

economic classification that includes the less-wealthy countries of the world

-in process of economic development, 82% of world population

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13
Q

American majority culture

A

cultural sector of American society

-mostly White, that has the most economic and political power and sets most of the norms and standards

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14
Q

socioeconomic status (SES)

A

classification of social class and economic status, including educational attainment and occupational status

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15
Q

young people

A

term that includes adolescents as well as emerging adults, across 10-25

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16
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first textbook on adolescence published in 1904

-promoted recapitulation (theory that each individual reenacts evolutionary history in development – a refuted theory)

-made accurate observations about biological development and mood.

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17
Q

Lamarckian

A

reference to Lamarck’s ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

-evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience

-organisms pass their characteristics from one generation to the next in form of memories and acquired characteristics

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18
Q

storm and stress

A

theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions

-conflict w/ parents, and antisocial behavior (crime, substance abuse)

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19
Q

survey

A

questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior

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20
Q

random sample

A

sampling technique in which people are selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly

-that no one in population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else

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21
Q

stratified sampling

A

sampling technique in which researchers select participants

-various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population

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22
Q

shifts in timing of adolescence

A

initially “young people” as time between 10 and 21

-Hall: 14-24

-now: 10-18

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23
Q

2 reasons for shift

A
  1. Earlier puberty (by 2 years since 1900) shifted biological adolescence earlier.
  2. Growth of secondary school (high school) attendance as normative experience ending around age 18 has created what we think of as the ending of adolescence.

-led to Emerging Adulthood (ages 18-25)

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24
Q

menarche

A

girl’s first period

-avg 15 -> 12.5

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25
Q

5 characteristics of emerging adulthood

A

-IISFP

  1. Identity explorations
  2. Instability
  3. Self-focus
  4. Feeling in-between
    5.Possibilities/Optimism
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26
Q

identity explorations

A

explore possibilities in love and work. while moving towards enduring choices

-understanding who they are, beliefs and values, abilities and limitations,

-how they fit into society and social structures

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27
Q

instability

A

changes and explorations can lead to instability (in living situation, relationships, work/school, activities, etc).

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28
Q

self-focus

A

most American youth move out around 18 or 19 and don’t get married or have a child until late 20s.

–time in between is characterized by independence

–typically falls after reliance on parents and before long term commitments in love and work

-build knowledge, skills, self-understanding to help functioning and decision making on their way towards incorporating their lives into new families, social groups, work endeavors, and societal organizations

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29
Q

feeling in-between

A

are you an adult? ‘yes and no’ is the most frequent answer

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30
Q

possibilities/optimism

A

hopes and expectations are high

-in part because few dreams have been tested or achieved, so they all can exist in the reality of the
future

-if childhood and adolescence has been characterized by strife, things are more under their control to free themselves from troubled origins.

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31
Q

early adolescence

A

10-14

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32
Q

late adolescence

A

15-18

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33
Q

3 markers of adulthood most common across
cultures

A
  1. accepting responsibility for oneself
  2. making independent decisions
  3. becoming financially independent
34
Q

individualism

A

cultural belief system that emphasizes desirability of independence, self-sufficency, and self-expression

35
Q

collectivism

A

beliefs asserting that it’s important for people to mute their individual desires to contribute to the well-being and success of the group

-values of duty and obligations to others

36
Q

interdependence

A

web of commitments, attachments and obligations in some groups

37
Q

scientific method

A

systematic way of finding answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure and measures

38
Q

5 steps of scientific method

A

1) question

2) hypothesis
-ideas, based on theory or past research, that a researcher wishes to test in a scientific study

3) method and design
-plan for when and how to collect data for study

4) data
-statistical analyses and qualitative material

5) conclusions

39
Q

sample

A

people in a study intended to represent population of interest

40
Q

population

A

entire group of people of interest in a study

41
Q

representative

A

characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest

42
Q

generalizable

A

findings from sample will make it possible to draw conclusions about not just the sample itself, but the larger population of people that the sample is intended to represent

43
Q

procedure

A

standards for the way a study is conducted

-informed consent and rules for avoiding biases in the data collection

44
Q

introduction

A

summarizes past research and presents reasons for study and hypotheses

45
Q

discussion

A

interpretation of results

46
Q

peer reviewed

A

scholarly article or book evaluated by scholar’s peers for scientific credibility and importance

47
Q

theory

A

framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research

48
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

people who have a background that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows ethical guidelines

49
Q

requirements of IRB

A

1) protection from physical and mental harm

2) informed consent
-procedure in social scientific studies that informs participants of what their participation would involve, including risks

3) confidentiality

4) deception and debriefing

50
Q

questionnaire

A

open-ended or close-question
-most common type of psychological research

pros: big sample, quick data collection
cons: preset responses, no depth

51
Q

closed-question

A

questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question

-possible to collect and analyze responses from a large number of people in a short time

-responses not in-depth

52
Q

open-ended question

A

questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question

53
Q

interview

A

research method that involves asking people questions in a conversation, such that answers are in their own words

pros: individuality, complexity
cons: time and effort of coding

54
Q

observations

A

similar to interviews but with behavior rather than conversation or self-reports of behavior
-can be in lab or naturalistic but require coding

pros: actual behavior, not self-report
cons: may affect behavior

55
Q

qualitative

A

data collected in nonnumerical form, usually in interviews or observations

56
Q

quantitative

A

data collected in numerical form on questionnaires

57
Q

ethnographic research

A

scholars spend time among people they wish to study, living among them

pros: entire span of daily life
cons: researcher must live among participants; possible bias

58
Q

ethnography

A

book that presents an anthopologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular culture

-allows researcher to learn how people behave in their daily life

-requires time, commitment, and sacrifice

-relationship bias

59
Q

case study

A

research method that entails detailed examination of the life of a person or small number of persons

-detailed and rich and hard to generalize

60
Q

biological measurements

A

complement questionnaires and involve measuring hormone levels, size, heart rate, brain imaging

pros: precise data
cons: expensive; relation to behavior may not be clear

61
Q

experimental research method

A

assign participants randomly to experimental group that received a treatment and control group that did not receive the treatment, then comparing 2 groups in a posttest

pros: control, identification of cause and effect
pros: may not reflect real life

62
Q

independent variable

A

variable that’s different for experimental group than for control group

63
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome measured to evaluate results of experiment

64
Q

interventions

A

programs intended to change attitudes or behavior of participants

65
Q

natural experiments

A

situation that occurs naturally but provide interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer

-allow insight into relation between genes and the enviro.

-hard to generalize, unusual, rare

66
Q

identical or monozygotic (MZ) twins

A

twins with same genotype

67
Q

fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins

A

twins with half of genotype in common

68
Q

reliability

A

characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one. occasion are similar to results on another

69
Q

validity

A

truthfulness of a measure, the extent to which measures what it claims to measure

70
Q

cross-sectional research

A

research method in which data are collected on a sample of people on one occasion then examined for potential relations between variables, based on hypothesis

-quick and cheap but yields a correlation that can be difficult to interpret

71
Q

correlation

A

statistical relationship between 2 variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other

72
Q

correlation vs causation

A

predictable relationship between 2 variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other

73
Q

longitudinal studies

A

data are collected from participants on more than one occasion

pros: monitors change over time
cons: time, expense, attrition

74
Q

cross-sectional

A

easier to perform, does not require tracking people over time (less attrition) but not as meaningful and harder to show causation

75
Q

attrition

A

drop out of longitudinal study

76
Q

patriarchal authority

A

cultural belief in absolute authority of father over wife and children

77
Q

filial piety

A

Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father

78
Q

caste system

A

Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life

-caste determines status in Indian society

79
Q

globalization

A

increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, making various parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally

80
Q

bicultural

A

having an identity that includes aspects of 2 different cultures

81
Q

context

A

enviro. settings to which development takes places

82
Q

resilience

A

overcoming adverse enviro. circumstances to achieve healthy development

Adolescence (12 decks)

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