Ch. 1 Flashcards
adolescence
period of life between the time puberty starts and the time adulthood is approached, where youth are preparing to take on roles and responsibilities of adulthood in culture
adolescence in ancient Greece
Plato and Aristotle saw adolescence as a distinct stage (14-21 yrs.)
-reasoning develops and ‘serious’ education may begin
–childhood is for sports and music, leaving math and science for adolescence
-impulse control is task of adolescence and mastered by end of adolescence
“Children’s Crusade”
teenagers set out from Germany towards the Mediterranean coast, believing the sea would part for them like the Red Sea, and they could appeal to Muslims in Jerusalem where adult crusades failed
-“Innocence of Youth” that was supposed to be so valuable in this mission made them a target
-many robbed, raped or kidnapped, and those survived were sold as slaves
adolescence 1500-1890
18th-19th cent.: U.S. saw life-cycle service fading for adolescent moves to cities to participate in industrial work, away from ties to family or community
-rise in social problems (crime, premarital sex, alcohol use) prompted new institutions of social support and control
–religious associations, literary societies, YMCAs to help adults interact with and monitor youth
–worked to reduce social problems
life-cycle service
1500s Europe: domestic service, farm work, or
apprenticeships that adolescents undertook.
-move away from home into the home of a ‘master’ to learn from (avg period of 7 years)
3 factors leading to age of adolescence (late 1800s)
- Industrial Revolution
-children aged 10-13 were being
exploited for labor in mines and factories
-12 hour days for 35 cents a day, leading to child labor laws and restrictions
- Secondary school
-became required creating demarcation between adolescence as a time of continued education and adulthood as beginning when education ends. - adolescence established as field of scholarly study
culture
pattern of group’s distinctive way of life, including customs, art, technologies and beliefs
society
group who interacts in course of sharing a common geographical area
-may include various cultures with different customs, religions, traditions, and economic practices
the West
cultural group of nations
-U.S., Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
-characterized by stable democracies, secularism, consumerism and individualism
traditional culture
adheres to long-established beliefs and practices
-usually not economically developed
developed countries
economic classification that includes wealthy countries of the world, comprising about 18% of world population
developing countries
economic classification that includes the less-wealthy countries of the world
-in process of economic development, 82% of world population
American majority culture
cultural sector of American society
-mostly White, that has the most economic and political power and sets most of the norms and standards
socioeconomic status (SES)
classification of social class and economic status, including educational attainment and occupational status
young people
term that includes adolescents as well as emerging adults, across 10-25
G. Stanley Hall
first textbook on adolescence published in 1904
-promoted recapitulation (theory that each individual reenacts evolutionary history in development – a refuted theory)
-made accurate observations about biological development and mood.
Lamarckian
reference to Lamarck’s ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
-evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience
-organisms pass their characteristics from one generation to the next in form of memories and acquired characteristics
storm and stress
theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions
-conflict w/ parents, and antisocial behavior (crime, substance abuse)
survey
questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior
random sample
sampling technique in which people are selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly
-that no one in population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else
stratified sampling
sampling technique in which researchers select participants
-various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population
shifts in timing of adolescence
initially “young people” as time between 10 and 21
-Hall: 14-24
-now: 10-18
2 reasons for shift
- Earlier puberty (by 2 years since 1900) shifted biological adolescence earlier.
- Growth of secondary school (high school) attendance as normative experience ending around age 18 has created what we think of as the ending of adolescence.
-led to Emerging Adulthood (ages 18-25)
menarche
girl’s first period
-avg 15 -> 12.5
5 characteristics of emerging adulthood
-IISFP
- Identity explorations
- Instability
- Self-focus
- Feeling in-between
5.Possibilities/Optimism
identity explorations
explore possibilities in love and work. while moving towards enduring choices
-understanding who they are, beliefs and values, abilities and limitations,
-how they fit into society and social structures
instability
changes and explorations can lead to instability (in living situation, relationships, work/school, activities, etc).
self-focus
most American youth move out around 18 or 19 and don’t get married or have a child until late 20s.
–time in between is characterized by independence
–typically falls after reliance on parents and before long term commitments in love and work
-build knowledge, skills, self-understanding to help functioning and decision making on their way towards incorporating their lives into new families, social groups, work endeavors, and societal organizations
feeling in-between
are you an adult? ‘yes and no’ is the most frequent answer
possibilities/optimism
hopes and expectations are high
-in part because few dreams have been tested or achieved, so they all can exist in the reality of the
future
-if childhood and adolescence has been characterized by strife, things are more under their control to free themselves from troubled origins.
early adolescence
10-14
late adolescence
15-18
3 markers of adulthood most common across
cultures
- accepting responsibility for oneself
- making independent decisions
- becoming financially independent
individualism
cultural belief system that emphasizes desirability of independence, self-sufficency, and self-expression
collectivism
beliefs asserting that it’s important for people to mute their individual desires to contribute to the well-being and success of the group
-values of duty and obligations to others
interdependence
web of commitments, attachments and obligations in some groups
scientific method
systematic way of finding answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure and measures
5 steps of scientific method
1) question
2) hypothesis
-ideas, based on theory or past research, that a researcher wishes to test in a scientific study
3) method and design
-plan for when and how to collect data for study
4) data
-statistical analyses and qualitative material
5) conclusions
sample
people in a study intended to represent population of interest
population
entire group of people of interest in a study
representative
characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest
generalizable
findings from sample will make it possible to draw conclusions about not just the sample itself, but the larger population of people that the sample is intended to represent
procedure
standards for the way a study is conducted
-informed consent and rules for avoiding biases in the data collection
introduction
summarizes past research and presents reasons for study and hypotheses
discussion
interpretation of results
peer reviewed
scholarly article or book evaluated by scholar’s peers for scientific credibility and importance
theory
framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
people who have a background that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows ethical guidelines
requirements of IRB
1) protection from physical and mental harm
2) informed consent
-procedure in social scientific studies that informs participants of what their participation would involve, including risks
3) confidentiality
4) deception and debriefing
questionnaire
open-ended or close-question
-most common type of psychological research
pros: big sample, quick data collection
cons: preset responses, no depth
closed-question
questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question
-possible to collect and analyze responses from a large number of people in a short time
-responses not in-depth
open-ended question
questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question
interview
research method that involves asking people questions in a conversation, such that answers are in their own words
pros: individuality, complexity
cons: time and effort of coding
observations
similar to interviews but with behavior rather than conversation or self-reports of behavior
-can be in lab or naturalistic but require coding
pros: actual behavior, not self-report
cons: may affect behavior
qualitative
data collected in nonnumerical form, usually in interviews or observations
quantitative
data collected in numerical form on questionnaires
ethnographic research
scholars spend time among people they wish to study, living among them
pros: entire span of daily life
cons: researcher must live among participants; possible bias
ethnography
book that presents an anthopologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular culture
-allows researcher to learn how people behave in their daily life
-requires time, commitment, and sacrifice
-relationship bias
case study
research method that entails detailed examination of the life of a person or small number of persons
-detailed and rich and hard to generalize
biological measurements
complement questionnaires and involve measuring hormone levels, size, heart rate, brain imaging
pros: precise data
cons: expensive; relation to behavior may not be clear
experimental research method
assign participants randomly to experimental group that received a treatment and control group that did not receive the treatment, then comparing 2 groups in a posttest
pros: control, identification of cause and effect
pros: may not reflect real life
independent variable
variable that’s different for experimental group than for control group
dependent variable
outcome measured to evaluate results of experiment
interventions
programs intended to change attitudes or behavior of participants
natural experiments
situation that occurs naturally but provide interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer
-allow insight into relation between genes and the enviro.
-hard to generalize, unusual, rare
identical or monozygotic (MZ) twins
twins with same genotype
fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins
twins with half of genotype in common
reliability
characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one. occasion are similar to results on another
validity
truthfulness of a measure, the extent to which measures what it claims to measure
cross-sectional research
research method in which data are collected on a sample of people on one occasion then examined for potential relations between variables, based on hypothesis
-quick and cheap but yields a correlation that can be difficult to interpret
correlation
statistical relationship between 2 variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other
correlation vs causation
predictable relationship between 2 variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other
longitudinal studies
data are collected from participants on more than one occasion
pros: monitors change over time
cons: time, expense, attrition
cross-sectional
easier to perform, does not require tracking people over time (less attrition) but not as meaningful and harder to show causation
attrition
drop out of longitudinal study
patriarchal authority
cultural belief in absolute authority of father over wife and children
filial piety
Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father
caste system
Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life
-caste determines status in Indian society
globalization
increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, making various parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally
bicultural
having an identity that includes aspects of 2 different cultures
context
enviro. settings to which development takes places
resilience
overcoming adverse enviro. circumstances to achieve healthy development
