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Adolescence > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

puberty

A

change in physiology, anatomy and physical functioning
-develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare body for sexual reproduction

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2
Q

endocrine systen

A

network of glands in body

-through hormones, glands coordinate functioning and affect development and functioning of the body

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemicals released by glands of endocrine system

-affect development and functioning of the body, including development in puberty

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

master gland in lower part of brain under cortex that affects range of physiological and psychological functioning

-stimulates and regulates production of hormones by other glands, including ones in puberty

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5
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

released by hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by pituitary

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6
Q

leptin

A

protein made by fat cells that signal hypothalamus tp start hormonal changes of puberty

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

half an inch long, located at base of brain

-releases gonadotropins as part of the body’s preparation for reproduction

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8
Q

gonadotropins

A

hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) that stimulate development of gametes

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9
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates development of gametes and sex hormones in ovaries and testicles

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10
Q

gonads

A

ovaries and testicles or sex glands

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11
Q

sex hormones

A

androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics

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12
Q

estradiol

A

estrogen that have high levels in females from puberty onward and are responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics

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13
Q

testosterone

A

androgen most important in pubertal development among boys

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14
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

causes adrenal glands to increase androgen production

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15
Q

feedback loop

A

system of hormones involving hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads that monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones

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16
Q

set point

A

optimal level of sex hormones in the body

-responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the produced of sex hormones to be reduced

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17
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A

rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty

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18
Q

peak height velocity

A

adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum

-girls grow at about 3.5 inches per yr., boys grow at about 4.1 inches per yr.

-girls begin growth spirt earlier and final height earlier

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19
Q

asynchronicity

A

uneven growth for different parts of the body during puberty

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20
Q

extremities

A

feet, hands and head

-first to hit the growth spurt, torso, chest and shoulders are last

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21
Q

2 types of sex characteristics

A

1) primary
-production of eggs and sperm and development of sex organs

2) secondary
-bodily changes of puberty, not including ones related directly to reproduction

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22
Q

ovum

A

mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days

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23
Q

spermarche

A

beginning of development of sperm in boys’ testicles in puberty

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24
Q

vulva

A

external female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris

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25
Q

labia majora

A

part of vulva; Latin for “large lips”

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26
Q

labia minora

A

part of vulva; Latin for “small lips”

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27
Q

breast buds

A

first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty

28
Q

areola

A

area surrounding nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty

29
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys

30
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

ratio of height to weight

-BMI thresholds for obesity are determined by medical authorities and vary depending on age group

31
Q

maximum oxygen uptake or VO2 max

A

measure of ability of body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs

-peaks in early 20s

32
Q

cardiac output

A

measure of quantity of blood pumped by the heart

-peaks at age 25

33
Q

health promotion

A

efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in behaviors that put young people at risk

34
Q

secular change

A

change in characteristics of population over time

35
Q

reaction range

A

term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development end enviro determine where development takes place within that range

36
Q

mikveh

A

ritual bath that Jewish Orthodox women are obliged to take a week after their period as a way of cleansing themselves of impurity believed to be associated w/ menustration

37
Q

incest taboo

A

prohibition on sexual relations between between family

-believed to be biologically based because children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders

38
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in the week before menstruation

39
Q

semenarche

A

male’s first ejaculation

40
Q

age-graded

A

organized by age, for example in schools

41
Q

problems for early maturing girls

A

1) cultural values about phys. appearance
2) phys. dev. draws the attention of older boys

42
Q

biology affecting psychology

A

phys. changes proceed w/o regard for emotional or social readiness -> temporary or long-term difficulties

-adult responsibilities and choice often require delay of gratification, executive function, peers for social referencing and community, a developed sense of energy and self concept

43
Q

theories of biological aging

A

1) oxidative damage
-cell damage causes aging

2) genetic limits

3) calorie restriction as anti-aging strategy

44
Q

free-radicals

A

by-products of metabolism, as well as responses to poor diet, sunlight, radiation and pollution

45
Q

oxidative damage

A

free-radicals are molecules or atoms that have unpaired electrons and cause damage than can be repaired or resisted

-as we age, our bodies are less and less able to resist and repair and damage accumulates

46
Q

genetic limits

A

each species characterized by lifespan

-embryonic cells of different species will divide a max # of times before entering ‘replicative senescence’ (cells stop dividing)

-bolstered by telomeres, tips on chromosomes necessary for DNA replication and shorten with age
–telomeres seem to be ‘timekeepers’ for the cell
–chronic stress can shorten telomeres

47
Q

calorie restricting

A

-first studied 60 years ago, researchers found by feeding lab animals 60-70% of a normal diet -> healthier, longer-living

-human side effects of calorie restricting may outweigh benefits: cold intolerance, increased stress hormones, lower sex hormones, irritability, social withdrawal

48
Q

body changes

A

adolescence -> optimal weight, mass, muscle and bone strength

-30: fat increases, 30% Americans obese

-40-60: weight stabilizes, fat moves to abdomen

-60-80: weight decreases due to losses in muscle and bone health, 15% Americans obese

49
Q

skin changes

A

40: skin and facial features show wrinkles and lose elasticity

50
Q

hair changes

A

adolescence -> fullest

-25: men start to lose hair

-40: men and women experience some hair thinning

51
Q

senses changes

A

adolescence -> hearing may begin to decline due to loud activities

-40: losses in near vision occur, cataracts may develop
–slight loss of taste

-60+: dark adaptation loss occurs and cataracts are common, loss of taste for salty and sweet food begins
–hearing loss continues

52
Q

internal aging - bones

A

bones gain mass during adolescence and peak around 30

-40+: bone mass declines sharply for women

-risk of fracture increases, osteoarthritis as risk factor for depression, anxiety and loss of independence and normal activity

53
Q

internal aging - heart

A

heart function can be challenged with age w/ older adults exercise and as arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity (high blood pressure)

-exercise and healthy habits (diet, not smoking) decrease heart and lung aging

54
Q

internal aging - neurons

A

neuronal development finished in adolescence

-40+: memory function starts to decline, neurological declines

55
Q

internal aging - hormones

A

full supply during adolescence

-40+: fertility declines for some men, drastically for women

56
Q

internal aging - immune system

A

B-cells show abnormalities w/ age that contribute to auto-immune disorders

-T-cells show lower ability to fight infections w/ age

57
Q

behavioral aging changes

A

30+: adults experience gradual loss of flexibility, balance, stamina, and athletic ability

-adolesence: sleep cycles lag a few hrs. behind older adults
–1/3 of adults don’t have adequate sleep

-sexual activity maintains frequency until beginning a decline in 60s and 70s

58
Q

physical effect on psychology

A

struggle to accept mortality, begin to have poor self-concept

-frustrated by loss of function, and question self-worth

59
Q

nature-nurture debate

A

debate over relative importance of biology and environment in human development

60
Q

genetics and environmental effects

A

genetic contributions to aging range from determining someone will have a disease to providing a predisposition for development of a disease in the presence of environmental stressors

61
Q

theory of genotype -> environment effects

A

theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development

-difficult to unravel because genes influence the environment we experience.

62
Q

3 forms of genotype -> environment effects

A

1) passive
2) evocative
3) active

63
Q

passive

A

parents offer both genes and environment for children

64
Q

evocative

A

occur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in their environment

65
Q

active

A

occur when people seek out environments that correspond to genotypic characteristics

66
Q

genetics and environmental effects

A

genetic contributions to aging range from determining someone will have a disease to providing a predisposition for development of a disease in the presence of environmental stressors

67
Q

gender and cultural differences

A

men: shorter life expectancy, higher rates of life-threatening disease
-more substance abuse and impulse-control disorders

-women: more chronic disease, higher rates of depression and anxiety

l-ower SES: more likely to decline in physical health earlier than the average
-lower levels of mental health

-U.S.: cultural groups w/ best health due to healthy diet and low smoking are Pacific Islanders and Asian Americans
-Native Americans and Alaskan Native American groups have poorest health

Adolescence (12 decks)

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