Ch. 4

Question 1

symbolic inheritance

Answer 1

ideas and understandings about people, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a culture

-expressed symbolically through songs, stories, rituals, sacred objects and sacred places

Question 2

socialization

Answer 2

process by which people acquire behaviors and beliefs of culture they live in

-implicit

Question 3

3 socialization outcomes

Answer 3

1) self-regulation
-development of a conscience (internal monitor of whether one complies w/ social norms)

2) role preparation
-gender roles, occupations, and institutional roles like marriage and parenthood

3) sources of meaning
-indicate what’s important, valued, and worth living for

Question 4

individualism (broad)

Answer 4

cultures that encourage individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression

-allow broad range of individual differences

Question 5

collectivism (narrow)

Answer 5

value obedience and conformity and discourage deviation from cultural expectations

-allow narrow range of individual differences

Question 6

eastern cultures

Answer 6

favor collectivism, promoting an interdependent self, with an emphasis on cooperation, mutual support, and group contributions

Question 7

western cultures

Answer 7

favor individualism, promoting an independent self, placing value on independence, freedoms, and individual achievement

Question 8

socialization sources

Answer 8

family, friends/peers, community, workplace

-media, legal system, cultural beliefs

-broad v. narrow can be different for each

Question 9

changing Western beliefs

Answer 9

child-rearing beliefs in American majority culture changed in the last century

-narrow socialization values like obedience and loyalty to the church declined in importance, and broad ones like independence and tolerance became more central to parents’ beliefs

Question 10

custom complex

Answer 10

consists of customary practice and beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motivations and satisfactions associated w/ it

Question 11

what’s unique for adolescents growing up in minority cultures within a different culture?

Answer 11

experience different types of socialization from different sources

Question 12

adolescent values after immigration

Answer 12

values of first-gen immigrants (born elsewhere and moved) are more similar to adolescents in new country’s majority culture

-values most similar to country they moved away from involved expectations about family functioning

Question 13

religious changes

Answer 13

adolescents in developed countries are less religious than in developing countries
–Americans are the most religious

-church attendance overreported, most youth don’t have a lot of religious knowledge

-general belief that God watches over us in times of need
–central goals of life to be good, kind, truthful and happy and good people will be rewarded in the afterlife

Question 14

National Survey of Youth and Religion (NSYR)

Answer 14

85% of Americans 13-17 yrs. believed in God

-65% prayed at least once a week

-52% reported attending church services at least twice a month

Question 15

declining religiosity in emerging adulthood

Answer 15

adolescents participate in religious rituals and custom
-church, fasting during Ramadan, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs

-decline due to movement away from parental beliefs -> development/exploration of individual affiliations and beliefs

-relying on some kind of religious beliefs was positively associated w/ beneficial outcomes like well-being
–negatively associated w/ risky behavior and symptoms of anxiety

Question 16

Lawrence Kohlberg’s (1958) moral development

Answer 16

presented adolescents w/ scenarios and had them indicate what’s right/wrong

-explanations of judgements, as opposed to what’s right/wrong, was basis for theory

Question 17

Kohlberg’s findings

Answer 17

moral reasoning increases w/ age

-moral development proceeded in predictable ways, from one stage to the next

-moral development cumulative and doesn’t regress

-moral development tended to be correlated w/ edu.

Question 18

Level 1: preconventional reasoning

Answer 18

moral reasoning based on perceptions of likelihood of external rewards and punishments

Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
-rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment and those in authority

Stage 2: individualism and purpose orientation
-what’s right is what satisfies one’s own needs and occasionally the needs of others, and what leads to rewards oneself

Question 19

Level 2: Conventional reasoning

Answer 19

moral reasoning is less egocentric and emphasizes conforming to the moral expectations of others, including rules established by tradition and by authorities

Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance orientation
-care of and loyalty to others emphasized in his stage, and it’s seen as good to conform to what others expect in a certain role

Stage 4: Social systems orientation
-moral judgements are explained to references such as social order, law, and justice

Question 20

Level 3: postconventional reasoning

Answer 20

moral reasoning at this level is based on the individual’s own judgements rather than what others view as wrong or right

-what’s right is derived from the individual’s perception of objective, universal principles rather than the subjective perception of either the individual (as in Level 1) or the group (Level 2)

Stage 5: Community rights and individual rights orientation
-society’s laws and rules can be questioned and changed if they become obstacles to ideals such as freedom and justice

Stage 6: Universal ethical principles orientation
-basis of moral reasoning is an independent moral code on universal principles
-laws or social conventions conflict with these principles, it’s seen as better to violate the laws or conventions than the universal principles

Question 21

Kohlberg critiques

Answer 21

didn’t deny cultural influences on moral reasoning, but saw it as a cognitive process

-saw culture’s contribution as a factor in whether adolescents were exposed to opportunities to reach the highest level of reasoning

-criticized by recent cultural scholars who note his levels are based on his own values

-highest level of moral reasoning isn’t the only valid moral code

-values based on models of individualistic thinking promoted by the western educational and social elite

Question 22

worldview

Answer 22

what it means to be a good human, dictates what’s right and wrong (moral reasoning) as moral evaluation

-reasoning prescribed how people should behave (moral behavior)

Question 23

Jensen’s 3 types of ethics

Answer 23

1) autonomy
-defines individual as primary moral authority
-individuals are viewed as having the right to do so as they wish as long as their behavior does no direct harm to others

2) community
-defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations
-responsibilities of roles in family, community and other groups are basis of one’s moral judgements

3) divinity
-defines individual as a spiritual entity, subject to prescriptions of divine authority
-ethic includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts