Ch. 7 Urinary System Flashcards
What is the functional unit responsible for forming and excreting urine from the kidney?
Nephron
What male anatomic structure serves to function in both urinary and reproductive systems?
Urethra: for urine and seminal fluid
List clinical findings associated with urinary disorders:
- Oliguria
- Polyuria
- Hematuria
What is considered to be the uppermost limit for serum creatinine and generally when intravenous contrast media is contraindicated?
-3mg/dL - highest limit that iodinated contrast can be injected
Higher limits can indicate renal failure
What are reasons to perform a KUB?
- To determine if patient had adequate bowel prep
- To determine the proper selection of technical factors
- To visualize radiopaque calculi or other pathology
What type of reaction can occur following the injection of iodinated contrast media?
Anaphylactic reaction
What are indications for performing an IVU?
- Suspected urinary tract obstruction
- Abnormal urinary sediment
- Systemic hypertension
- Symptoms of prostatism
Why is it important for the radiographer to check BUN and creatinine levels prior to the injection of iodinated contrast media?
High BUN and creatinine levels can indicate renal failure and injection of contrast will worsen
Where are the majority of urinary tract calculi located?
The majority of urinary tract calculi are located at the vesicourereteral junction
What is a common indication for cystography?
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is reflux from the bladder back into the ureter and is demonstrated with cystography or voiding cystography
Renal sonography is performed on:
Functional and nonfunctional kidneys
Because of decreased contrast resolution, ______ is less preferred over CT when imaging renal calculi.
Conventional radiography
Which imaging modality is utilized when assessing a potential kidney donor?
Renal angiography can best demonstrate vascularity before surgery
Why are ureteral stents used?
Placed retrograde during cystoscopy into the renal pelvis to keep a diseased ureter open and functioning
What is renal agenesis?
One kidney does not develop during fetal development and opposite kidney is larger to compensate
The horseshoe kidney affects:
Two times as many men than women and presents as a fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys at the midline
What radiographic positions or projections will best demonstrate nephropoptosis?
Comparison of the recumbent and erect abdomen images will demonstrate any downward displacement or movement of the kidneys
hat urinary pathology is demonstrated radiographically as a “cobra head”?
Ureterocele
Polycystic kidney is a congenital and familial renal disease that classified as:
Autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant
What is medullary sponge kidney?
A congenital dilation of the renal tubules, affecting both kidneys, leading to urinary stasis and increased levels of calcium phosphate
Which congenital renal disorder generally results in nephrocalcinosis?
Medullary sponge kidney
Acute pyelonephritis presents radiographically as _______.
Blunted calyces
Staghorn calculi are generally found in the _____ junction.
Pelvicaliceal
Nephrosclerosis is often associated with _____ and _______.
Diabetes and hypertension
What is the radiographic appearance of hydronephrosis?
The renal calyces become dilated and enlarged with urine
Renal cysts ______ demonstrated during the nephrogram phase due to lack of vascularity.
are not
A _____ radiograph is generally obtained after a diagnosis of renal adenocarcinoma to identify pulmonary metastases.
Chest
What type of renal tumor occurs in approximately one child in every 13,500 births?
Wilms’ tumor or nephroblastoma
What imaging modality is preferred to assess a Wilms’ tumor?
Abdominal CT
What is the chief symptom of bladder carcinoma?
Hematuria, no associated pain
Polycystic kidney disease:
Subtractive
Cystitis:
Additive, if reflux is present
Nephrocalcinosis:
Additive
Calcifications:
Additive
Hydronephrosis:
Additive
Renal cyst:
Subtractive
