Ch. 7 Urinary System

Question 1

What is the functional unit responsible for forming and excreting urine from the kidney?

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

What male anatomic structure serves to function in both urinary and reproductive systems?

Answer 2

Urethra: for urine and seminal fluid

Question 3

List clinical findings associated with urinary disorders:

Answer 3

• Oliguria
• Polyuria
• Hematuria

Question 4

What is considered to be the uppermost limit for serum creatinine and generally when intravenous contrast media is contraindicated?

Answer 4

-3mg/dL - highest limit that iodinated contrast can be injected
Higher limits can indicate renal failure

Question 5

What are reasons to perform a KUB?

Answer 5

• To determine if patient had adequate bowel prep
• To determine the proper selection of technical factors
• To visualize radiopaque calculi or other pathology

Question 6

What type of reaction can occur following the injection of iodinated contrast media?

Answer 6

Anaphylactic reaction

Question 7

What are indications for performing an IVU?

Answer 7

• Suspected urinary tract obstruction
• Abnormal urinary sediment
• Systemic hypertension
• Symptoms of prostatism

Question 8

Why is it important for the radiographer to check BUN and creatinine levels prior to the injection of iodinated contrast media?

Answer 8

High BUN and creatinine levels can indicate renal failure and injection of contrast will worsen

Question 9

Where are the majority of urinary tract calculi located?

Answer 9

The majority of urinary tract calculi are located at the vesicourereteral junction

Question 10

What is a common indication for cystography?

Answer 10

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is reflux from the bladder back into the ureter and is demonstrated with cystography or voiding cystography

Question 11

Renal sonography is performed on:

Answer 11

Functional and nonfunctional kidneys

Question 12

Because of decreased contrast resolution, ______ is less preferred over CT when imaging renal calculi.

Answer 12

Conventional radiography

Question 13

Which imaging modality is utilized when assessing a potential kidney donor?

Answer 13

Renal angiography can best demonstrate vascularity before surgery

Question 14

Why are ureteral stents used?

Answer 14

Placed retrograde during cystoscopy into the renal pelvis to keep a diseased ureter open and functioning

Question 15

What is renal agenesis?

Answer 15

One kidney does not develop during fetal development and opposite kidney is larger to compensate

Question 16

The horseshoe kidney affects:

Answer 16

Two times as many men than women and presents as a fusion of the lower poles of the kidneys at the midline

Question 17

What radiographic positions or projections will best demonstrate nephropoptosis?

Answer 17

Comparison of the recumbent and erect abdomen images will demonstrate any downward displacement or movement of the kidneys

Question 18

hat urinary pathology is demonstrated radiographically as a “cobra head”?

Answer 18

Ureterocele

Question 19

Polycystic kidney is a congenital and familial renal disease that classified as:

Answer 19

Autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant

Question 20

What is medullary sponge kidney?

Answer 20

A congenital dilation of the renal tubules, affecting both kidneys, leading to urinary stasis and increased levels of calcium phosphate

Question 21

Which congenital renal disorder generally results in nephrocalcinosis?

Answer 21

Medullary sponge kidney

Question 22

Acute pyelonephritis presents radiographically as _______.

Answer 22

Blunted calyces

Question 23

Staghorn calculi are generally found in the _____ junction.

Answer 23

Pelvicaliceal

Question 24

Nephrosclerosis is often associated with _____ and _______.

Answer 24

Diabetes and hypertension

Question 25

What is the radiographic appearance of hydronephrosis?

Answer 25

The renal calyces become dilated and enlarged with urine

Question 26

Renal cysts ______ demonstrated during the nephrogram phase due to lack of vascularity.

Answer 26

are not

Question 27

A _____ radiograph is generally obtained after a diagnosis of renal adenocarcinoma to identify pulmonary metastases.

Answer 27

Chest

Question 28

What type of renal tumor occurs in approximately one child in every 13,500 births?

Answer 28

Wilms’ tumor or nephroblastoma

Question 29

What imaging modality is preferred to assess a Wilms’ tumor?

Answer 29

Abdominal CT

Question 30

What is the chief symptom of bladder carcinoma?

Answer 30

Hematuria, no associated pain

Question 31

Polycystic kidney disease:

Answer 31

Subtractive

Question 32

Cystitis:

Answer 32

Additive, if reflux is present

Question 33

Nephrocalcinosis:

Answer 33

Additive

Question 34

Calcifications:

Answer 34

Additive

Question 35

Hydronephrosis:

Answer 35

Additive

Question 36

Renal cyst:

Answer 36

Subtractive