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Pathology > Ch. 4 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What subsystem of the circulatory system is responsible for the exchange of blood gases?

A

Pulmonary

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2
Q

Of the four cardiac chambers, which one lies midline with the cardiac shadow and is also located anteriorly?

A

Right ventricle

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3
Q

Which is the thickest layer of heart tissue?

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

Which chamber of the heart is generally the largest?

A

Left ventricle

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5
Q

Which chamber of the heart houses the SA node, responsible for the electrical conductivity?

A

Right atrium

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6
Q

What portion of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS complex

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7
Q

Why is it important to perform chest radiography in the upright position?

A

Prevents magnification of the heart

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8
Q

What geometric factor(s) may affect the radiographic appearance on the PA chest?

A

SID, OID, anode heel

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9
Q

Cardiomegaly can be diagnosed on the PA chest radiography when the cardiac shadow is _____________ of the transverse diameter of the thorax.

A

More than half

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10
Q

What type of echocardiography permits real time imaging of the heart?

A

2D

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11
Q

What pathological conditions can be diagnosed with Doppler sonography?

A

DVT, carotid stenosis, venous thrombosis

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12
Q

The widely performed myocardial perfusion scans are used to evaluate:

A

Coronary artery stenosis, follow up for surgery and ischemia

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13
Q

What procedure in nuclear cardiology is used to evaluate ventricular function?

A

Gated cardiac blood pool

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14
Q

What type of procedure is angiography?

A

Diagnostic and therapeutic

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15
Q

What situations may require interventional embolization as a treatment option?

A

Clotting, feeding brain tumors

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16
Q

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPS) is used to connect the jugular vein to the portal vein in cases to:

A

Severe cirrosis

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17
Q

What is the congenital pathological condition ductus arteriosus?

A

Small vessels that do not close at birth

18
Q

What congenital pathology presents radiographically with two bulges of the aorta at the arch and rib notching?

A

Coarction of the aorta

19
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Congenital heart defect involving ventricular pulmonary stenosis

20
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Arterial septal defect

21
Q

How is transposition of the great vessels presented on a radiograph?

A

Narrow mediastinum and pulmonary congestion

22
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic heart valve disease?

A

Congenital heart defect

23
Q

What heart valve is most likely damaged if a patient has an enlarged superior vena cave, right atrium, and right ventricle?

24
Q

What cardiac pathology presents radiographically with cardiomegaly, chest congestion, and increased vascular marking in the hilar region of the lungs?

A

Left sided congestive heart failure

25
Q

What is the most prevalent disease in humans, especially in the US?

A

Atherosclerosis

26
Q

Which vessels are commonly affected by atherosclerosis?

A

The aorta, coronary arteries, and the cerebral arteries

27
Q

What cardiac pathology is responsible for more than 30% of all annual deaths in the US and is the single most frequent cause of death in both males and females?

A

Coronary artery disease

28
Q

What cardiac pathology is the most commonly caused by an acute thrombus of the coronary arteries?

A

Myocardial infarction

29
Q

What are the thrombolytic agents utilized for myocardial infarctions?

A

Medications that end with -ase

30
Q

What type of aneurysm is described as a localized bulge involving one side of the arterial wall?

A

Sacular aneurysm

31
Q

Where is the most common site for an aneurysm to occur?

A

Abdominal aorta

32
Q

What type of aneurysm causes an intramural hematoma and is often located in the descending (thoracic) aorta?

A

Dissecting aneurysm

33
Q

What are the risk factors for developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?

34
Q

What may be an initial treatment for a pulmonary embolus (PE)?

A

Pulmonary embolectomy/ thrombolytic therapies

35
Q

What is the most common cause of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

36
Q

Coarction of the aorta:

A

Additive because of enlarged mediastinum

37
Q

Septal defects:

A

Additive because of enlarged mediastinum

38
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot:

A

Additive because of enlarged mediastinum

39
Q

Valvular disease:

A

Additive because of enlarged mediastinum

40
Q

Congestive heart failure:

A

Additive because of fluid in the great vessels and lungs

41
Q

Cor pulmonale:

A

Additive because of enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary artery

42
Q

Aortic dissection:

A

Additive because of widened mediastinum

Pathology (6 decks)

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