Ch. 7 - Microbial Physiology and Genetics Flashcards
Chemolithotrophs
inorganic chemicals as energy source
Chemoorganotrophs
organic chemicals as energy source
Photoautotrophs
light & carbon dioxide
Photoheteroptrophs
light & non carbon organic compounds
Chemoautortrophs
chemicals & carbon dioxide
Chemoheterotrophs
chemicals & non carbon organic compounds
DF Ecology
The study of the interactions between living organisms and the world around them
DF Ecosystem
The interactions between living organisms and their no living environment
DF Biologic Catalysts
Enzymes that either cause a particular chemical reaction to occur or accelerate it
Endoenzymes
produced in and remain in that cell to catalyze a reaction
ex: digestive enzymes within phagocytes
Exoenzymes
produced within a cell then released out to catalyze extracellular reactions.
ex: cellulase
Factors affecting the efficiency of enzymes (4)
pH
Temp
[ ] of enzyme/substrate
Presence of inhibitors
DF Metabolite
Any molecule that is a nutrient, an intermediary product, or an end product in a metabolic reaction
CATABOLIC/ANABOLIC reactions are a cell’s major source of energy.
Catabolic
Catabolism (4)
- catabolic reactions
- release energy
- breaking bonds
- large molecules to small
Anabolism (4)
- anabolic reactions
- requires energy
- creation of bonds
- small molecules to large
Glycolysis
glucose to pyruvic acid
anaerobic, enzyme specific
2 ATP
Kreb Cycle
Pyruvate to oxaloacetate
aerobic, in mitochondira
2 ATP + NADH, 10H+, FADH2, 3CO2
Electron Transport Chain
Series of REDOX reactions where energy is released as electrons are transferred from one compound to another.
Aerobic, mitochondria
32-34 ATP
- varies depending on how many NADH molecules produced during glycolysis enter the mitochondria
In the ETC, what enzymes transfers the electron the oxygen, the final receptor?
Cytochrome oxidase
Oxidative phohsphorylation
ATP formed as the result of transfer of electrons from NADH/FASH2 to O2
How many ATP are produced during glucose fermentation?
~2
DF REDOX reactions
Paired reactions in which electrons are transferred from one compound to another
DF mutation
A Change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is transmissible to offspring
Mutagens
Physical or chemical agents that can increase rate of mutations
Mutant
An organism containing the mutation
Why do bacterial genetics have a higher mutation rate than humans?
Because bacterial genes are constantly reproducing whereas we have cells in our bodies that live our full lifespan without reproducing
Episome
A plasmid that can either exist by itself or integrate into the chromosome
Lysogenic conversion
- Temperate phage injects its DNA into a host bacterial cell
- Lysogeny: Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome without leading to the lytic cycle.
- The result is that the bacterial cell exhibits new properties, directed by the viral genes
- remains dormant until conditions are right where it will switch into the lytic cycle
Lysogenic cell
The bacterial cell carrying a prophage
Transduction
- Bacterial genetic material is carried from one bacterial cell to another via a bacteriophage
Transformation
Bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed following the uptake of DNA fragments from its environment
Competence
The ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell
Conjugation
Sex pilus attaches to a recipient cell and the plasmid is transferred through a conjugate poor
R-factor
A plasmid that contains multiple genes for antibiotics resistance
Genetic engineering
Using technology to transfer eukaryotic DNA into easily cultured cells to manufacture important gene products
Gene Therapy
Insertion of a normal gene into cells to correct a specific genetic disorder due to a defective gene
- specific viruses are selected to target the DNA of specific cells
