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BIOL 2259 - Microbio > Ch. 4 - Microbial Diversity: Acelluar Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Microbial Diversity: Acelluar Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Virus constituents

A
  • Genome
  • Capsid - protein coat surrounding the genome which is composed of capsomeres
  • Viral enveloppe
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2
Q

5 Properties that distinguish viruses from living cells

A

1) RNA OR DNA - living cells have both
2) Unable to replicate on their own (use machinery from cells they infect)
3) No mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission
4) Lack of genes/enzymes needed for energy production (use energy from host)
5) Dependant on host ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites for protein and nucleic acid production

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3
Q

Caliciviruses

A

Cause actue gastroenteritis (vomitting/diarrhea)

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4
Q

Picoviruses

A 
Small RNA virus
Rinovirus (common cold)
Polio virus
Hep A
Coxasckievirus
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5
Q

Reovirus

A

enterovirus (intestinal infection)

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6
Q

Rotavirus

A

Bad GI bugs, kills 800 000 people per year in developping countries. Developed countries have vaccines

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7
Q

Flavivirus

A

Arboviruses arthropod vectors
West nile
Yellow Fever
Zeka virus - doesnt normally have an affect, maybe mild fever, but pregnant women are seeing that there may be a link to microcephaly of the baby

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8
Q

Corona virus

A

Respiratory tract infections

  • COVD-19
  • SARS
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9
Q

Togaviruses

A

Zootonic viruses carried by mosquitoes that could lead to equine encephalitis
Rubella (german measles)

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10
Q

Rhabdoviruses

A

cause rabbies

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11
Q

paramyxoviruses

A

Cause measles and moxyvirus (mumps)

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12
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

A

cause the flu

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13
Q

Arenaviruses

A

cause hemorrhagic fever

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14
Q

Bunyaviruses

A

cause a number of febrile disease

Rodent host or arthropod vector with vertebrate host

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15
Q

Lentivirus

A

HIV

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16
Q

Oncovirus

A

cancer causing

HPV, ebsteen barr

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17
Q

Parvoviruses

A

Cause parvo in puppies. There are vaccines

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18
Q

Adenoviruses

A

Respiratory tract infections/pneumonia
Pink eye
Some tumours

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19
Q

Papillomavirus

A

Causes warts (genital warts/HPV)

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20
Q

Polymavirus

A

causes tumours (some cancerous)

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21
Q

Herpesvirus

A

Herpes simplex I (cold sores)
Herpes simplex II (genital herpes)
Herpes zoster (shingles/vericella)
Ebsteen-barr (3 cancers- 2 lymphomas)

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22
Q

Poxvirus

A

Variolla (small pox)

Vascina (cow pocks)

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23
Q

Hepadnaviruses

A

Hep B virus

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24
Q

Most viral genomes are ___ stranded _(RNA/DNA)__

A

double stranded DNA
or
Single stranded RNA

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25
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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26
Q

Virulent bacteriophage cause the ___ cycle

A

Lytic cycle - ends in cell destruction

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27
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Step 1) ATTACHMENT of phage to cell surface receptor
Step 2) PENETRATION of bacteriophage and insertion of phage DNA into cell
Step 3) BIOSYNTHESIS of new phage DNA and proteins
Step 4) ASSEMBLY of new phage particles
Step 5) LYSIS of cell and RELEASE of progeny phages

28
Q

Steps in the multiplication of animal viruses

A

Step 1) ATTACHMENT of phage to cell surface receptor
Step 2) PENETRATION of bacteriophage and insertion of phage DNA into cell
Step 3) UNCOATING - because they have to penetrate the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Step 4) BIOSYNTHESIS of new phage DNA and proteins
Step 5) ASSEMBLY of new phage particles
Step 6) LYSIS of cell and release of progeny phages or BUDDING off

29
Q

Penetration of a host cell by a non-enveloped virus

A

Endocytosis:

1) bind to host cell membrane receptors
2) invagination of membrane
3) formation of endocytic vesicle
4) release or virion into cytoplasm

30
Q

Penetration of a host cell by an enveloped virus

A

1) Bind to cell membrane receptor
2) fusion of viral envelope with host cell membrane
3) nucleocapsid enters the cell

31
Q

Latent virus infection

A

Virus hides from host immune system by remaining dormant

ex- herpes

32
Q

How do antivirals work?

A

Interfere with virus specific enzymes and virus production by disrupting critical phases in viral multiplication
OR
inhibiting synthesis of viral DNA/RNA proteins

33
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

enveloped, single strnded, RNA

Retrovirus

34
Q

What is a retrovirus

A

RNA virus that inserts a DNA copy of their genome into the host cel in order to replicate

35
Q

What is the primary target of HIV

A

CD4+ cells (T helper)

36
Q

HIV and reverse transcriptase

A

Converts viral RNA to DNA

37
Q

Viroid

A

Short naked fragments of single stranded RNA that infect plants and interfere with their metabolism

38
Q

Prions

A

They are the most resistant to disinfectants and can cause fatal neurological diseases in animals and humans. The mechanisms of how they cause disease is unknown

39
Q

Diameters of virus and cocci bacterium

A

virus: 10-300nm

cocci bacterium 1um

40
Q

3 categories of bacteria

A

Gram pos + cell wall
Gram - + cell wall
Mycoplasma

41
Q

Diplococci bacteria

A

pairs

gonorrhea

42
Q

streptococci bacteria

A

chains

strept throat

43
Q

staphylococci bacteria

A

clusters

boils

44
Q

Average size of bacillis

A

1x3um

45
Q

Coccobacili

A

extremely short bacili, almost like ball

46
Q

Bacteria fixation

A

Kill organism, preserve morphology, anchor to slide

Heat fixation - not standardized as heat may alter morphology

Methanol fixation - alcohol causes the water to dry up

47
Q

Gram staining technique

A

1) fixation
2) crystal violet solution
3) rinse and flood with iodine. This will turn everything purple and increases the affinity of the cell wall for a stain by binding to the primary stain
4) Rinse excess iodine and decolourize with ethanol. This removes iodine from the cells that hold it as tightly, removing their stains
5) Rinse ethanol as soon as gram (-) loses its stain
6) Apply counter stain safarin
7) wash with water, blot, air dry

48
Q

Gram variable bacteria

A

Neither consistently purple or pink after staining

Identified with acid fast stain

49
Q

Acid Fast Stain

A

Red dye driven through bacterial cell wall suing heat to soften the waxes in cell wall.
Rinse- since mycobcteria are not decolourized by the acid-alcohol mix, they keep their stain

50
Q

How to test bacterial motility

A

Semisolid agar method:
Fill test tube with agar, then dip a needle which has bacteria on it into the tube. Observe how/if they spread out

Hanging drop technique:
To study living bacteria
Allows more room to move and we can distinguish motility from Brownian motion

51
Q

size of bacterial colonies is determined by ____

A

Generation time

52
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Need oxygen

53
Q

Microarophillic anaerobes

A

Need some oxygen

54
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

Can use oxygen or not - depends

55
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Can tolerate oxygen but don’t need it

56
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

need anaerobic environment

57
Q

Capnophillic

A

need increased concentration of CO2

58
Q

How do we test bacteria’s need for oxygen

A 
Thioglycollate broth (THIO)
-bacteria will migrate to the part of the tube where it will survive
59
Q

Fastidious

A

organisms with especially demanding nutritional requirements

60
Q

How are bacterial pathogens identified?

A

by the enzymes they secrete

61
Q

Rickettsias

A

Gram (-)
obligate intracellular
leaky memrbanes
found in ticks, lice, flees..

62
Q

Chlamydias

A

gram (-)
obligate intracelullar pathogen
energy parasites - they prefer to use energy molecules produced by the host cell

63
Q

Name 2 obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens

A

Rickettsias , Chlamydias

64
Q

Mycoplasms

A

smallest cellular microbe
lack cell wall therefore pleomorphic and resistant to drugs that attack cell walls
cause primary atypical pneumonia and GI infections
“fied egg colonies”

65
Q

anogygenic photosynthesis

A

photosynthesis doesnt produce oxygen
purple bacteria
green bacteria

66
Q

Oxygenic bacteria

A

photosynthesis produces oxygen

cyanobacteria

67
Q

How do prokaryotes differ from bacteria?

A

they both posses cell walls, but prokaryotic cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

BIOL 2259 - Microbio (11 decks)

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