Ch. 11 - Epidemiology and Public Health Flashcards
DF Epidemiology
The study of disease frequency, distribution, determinants, prevention, control, and eradication
Communicable disease
infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another
Contagious disease
communicable disease that is EASILY transmitted
Zoonotic disease
Diseases humans acquire from animal sources
Incidence
of new cases of a disease in a defined population during a specific time period
Morbidity rate
frequency or proportion in which a disease appears in a population during a specific time
Period Prevalence
cases of a disease existing in a population during a specific time period
Point prevalence
of cases of a disease existing in a population at a particular moment in time
Mortality rate
ratio of people who die of a particular disease during a specified time, per a specified population
Sporadic disease
Occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area
Endemic disease
Always present within the population of a particular geographic area
Epidemic
Greater than usually number of case of a disease in a particular region within a short period of time
Pandemic
Disease occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously
Whether an infectious disease occurs depends on factors pertaining to the… (3)
pathogen - virulence, mode of entry, # orgnaisms
host - health status, lifestyle, age, travel
environment - physical factors, reservoirs, sanitary
6 components in the infectious disease process
1) Pathogen
2) Pathogen reservoir
3) Portal of exit
4) Mode of transmission
5) Portal of entry
6) Susceptible host
Passive carriers of disease
Asymptomatic, but can still pass on the disease
Incubatory carriers of disease
Not YET symptomatic, pathogen is still replicating
Convalescent carriers of disease
Recovering, but still able to transmit disease
Active carriers of disease
Fully recovered but have pathogen indefinitely
Arthropods
bugs/flees that can carry disease and act as vectors to transmit them to humans
Fomites
Inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens
-provide no nourishment, just a place to replicate
Direct modes of disease transmission
skin to skin contact
mucous membrane contact
Indirect modes of disease transmission (4)
air born droplets
arthropod vectors
transfusion of blood products
parental injections using non sterile needles
WHO
promote cooperation for health among nations
carry out programs to control and eradicate disease
improve quality of human life
Work primarily with united nations
Make recommendations
CDC
Create expertise, information and tools that people and communities need to protect their health.
Big on infection control!
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports
Federal program of the USA
Focus on health issues that affect Americans at home and abroad
Can implement rules
Measures for prevention and control of epidemics (4)
1) Increase host resistance (vaccines)
2) Ensure people exposed have proper PPE
3) Segregate, isolate, and treat those infected
4) Identify and control reservoirs and vectors
Biological warfare agents
Microbes purposefully used to harm others in wartime
Bioterrorism agents
Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war
Modes of Anthranx transmission (bioterrorism agents)
pulmonary - inhalation
gastrointestinal - ingestion
cutaneous - contact
Pathophysiology of the Plague
Rodent infects flee flea bites human => bubonic plague bacterial growth in lungs => plague meningitis Inhaled by other humans => pneumonic plague Rapid person to person spread
symptoms -gangrene in feet and hands
___ is the most essential resource necessary for the survival of humanity
water
2 types of water polution
chemical
biological
Water treatment
Sedimentation - let is sit and anything heavy/dense will separate out
Coagulation - bind things together
Filtration
Chlorination
How do we test for fecal mater in water?
Check for presence of chloroform bacteria
ex: E. coli& enterobacteria
Raw sewage
water, fecal matter, bacteria
