Ch. 3 - Cell Structure & Taxonomy

Question 1

Peroxisomes

Answer 1

Vesicles where H2O2 is generated/broken down

Question 2

Plastids

Answer 2

Site of photosynthesis

Question 3

3 Roles of cell wall

Answer 3

shape
protect
ridgidity

Question 4

Flagella vs Cilia

Answer 4

Both are made of microtubules
FLAGELLA: Composed of threads of protein called flagellin. Long, thin, whiplike organelles of locomotion that move the actual cell
CILIA: shorter, thinner, and more numerous hair like projections that move fluid around on the surface of the cell.

Question 5

Cilia arrangement

Answer 5

9+2

9 fused pairs of microtubules around the outter edge and 2 fused in the middle

Question 6

What protein helps keep the microtubules in place in the cilia?

Answer 6

Nexin

Question 7

What is the role of Dynein protein in cilia/flagella?

Answer 7

Move along the microtubules and breaks down ATP to use that energy to help the microtubules move past each other, leading to movement of cilia or flagella

Question 8

3 layers of prokarotic cells from inner to outter

Answer 8

cell membrane
cell wall
cell capsule

Question 9

Bacterial cell walls are composed of ____

Answer 9

peptidoglycan

Question 10

Gram positive vs Gram negative

Answer 10

+ = stain due to thick peptidoglycan wall

• =no stain. The dye does not react because the thin peptidoglycan layer in under an outter membrane

Question 11

Glycocalyx

Answer 11

Slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall

Question 12

Cell capsule importance

Answer 12

antiphagocytic function (prevents immune cells from eating that cell)

Question 13

Capsule stainng

Answer 13

negative type stain

everything stains except for what we are looking for (ie the capsule)

Question 14

Peritrichous bacteria

Answer 14

flagella over entire surface

Question 15

Lophotrichous bacteria

Answer 15

tuft of flagella at one end

Question 16

Amphitrichous bacteria

Answer 16

One or more flagella at both ends

Question 17

Monotrichous bacteria

Answer 17

single flagella at one end

Question 18

Pilli (fimbrae)

Answer 18

• Mostly found on gram negative bacteria
• made of polymerized pilin protein
• enables bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces
• sex pilus for conjugation

Question 19

Endospores

• terminal endospores
• subterminal endospores

Answer 19

Long living, resistant to heat, cold, drying environments, and most chemicals.
Spore encapsulates a bacterial cell to protect it from environmental changes that would usually kill it.

• T: located at the end of the cell
• S: located between the middle and the end of the cell

Question 20

Prokaryote vs eukaryote (4)

Answer 20

PRO:

• circular DNA
• no membrane bound organelles
• pilli
• binary fission

EU:

• linear DNA
• True nucleus and membrane bound orgnaelles
• cillia
• sexual and asexual

Question 21

Generation time

Answer 21

Time it takes for binary fission to occur

Question 22

Generation time of E coli

Answer 22

20 minutes

Question 23

Binary Fission

Answer 23

chromosomes duplicate then cell splits in 2

Question 24

Taxonomy classification

Answer 24

Kingdom
Domain
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 25

5 Kingdoms

Answer 25

1) prokaryotal (bacteria&archae)
2) protista (algae&protozoa)
3) fungi
4) plantae
5) animalia

Question 26

3 Domains

Answer 26

1) Archaea
2) Bacteria
3) Eukarya
* *Based on differences in the structure of certain rRNA molecules among organisms

Question 27

How do we determine relatedness among organisms?

Answer 27

rRNA sequencing - compare sequence of nucleotide base pairs in 16S rRNA gene from one organism to another

Question 28

Charles Darwin

Answer 28

Phylogenic tree

• the idea that we are all coming from a common ancestor
• the difference between species vary in magnitude depending how long ago we were separated into different species