Ch. 7 Metabolism III Flashcards
What are the metabolic reactions/pathways: aerobic conditions in long term energy systems
Carbohydrate (glucose and glycogen)
glycolysis
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
What are the metabolic reaction pathways in aerobic conditions long term energy systems
Triglycerides
lipolysis
beta oxidation
What are the metabolic reaction pathways in aerobic conditions long term energy systems
Protein
Proteolysis
What are the metabolic reaction pathways in aerobic conditions long term energy systems
Common to all substrates is the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
To get ATP from triglycerides you must have ______ ________
Aerobic conditions
What is the main triglycerides storage
Adipocytes that sells main storage of triglycerides
Adipocytes aggregate to form adipose tissue
Adipocytes are a cell because they do have a nucleus
What is the second type of triglycerides storage
Blood
- Chylomicron
- lipoproteins
Why are cells stored in triglycerides in the cytoplasm
Because it is very concentrated
What is the third type of triglyceride storage
Cytoplasm of cells
Intracellular triglycerides
A lot of ATP are stored in triglycerides
Lipolysis gets turned on by
hormones to activate lipases (hormone sensitive lipase)
Where is lipolysis stored
In an area in which triglycerides are stored
Fatty acid’s in the circulation are transported bound to ________(plasma protein)
Albumin
Fatty acid albumin complex circulates, dissociates when it reaches tissues, and free fatty acids enter the cytoplasm of cells via
Simple diffusion
Activation and transport into mitochondria occurs in
Outer mitochondria membrane
The activation in transport into the mitochondria involve attaching a carrier molecule to the fatty acid reaction that cost how many ATP
2
What is beta oxidation
Beta oxidation is a series of reactions in which 2 carbons from Acyl-CoA are cut off building in the formation of acetyl CoA
Where does beta oxidation occur
Mitochondrial matrix
Each cycle of Beta oxidation produces
1 acetyl CoA
1NADH
1FADH2
The Krebs cycle produces
3NADH
1FADH2
1ATP
One acetyl CoA produces how many ATP
12 ATP
With 16 carbon fatty acid chain how many net ATP are total
129
With 16 carbon fatty acid chain how many ATP are you’ll did from 7 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH
21 ATP
With 16 carbon fatty acid chain how many ATP are from 7 FADH2 × 2 ATP/FADH2
14 ATP
With the 16 carbon fatty acid chain how many ATP come from 8 acetyl CoA x 12 ATP/Acetyl CoA
96 ATP
The total number of 131 ATP minus the two activation ATP yields a net ATP of ____ for 16 carbon fatty acid chain
129
The primary energy system to support ATP is
Triglycerides
There are a lot of triglycerides in adipose tissue with
Low intensity activity
What is intracellular triglycerides
The ATP yield from triglycerides stored in the cytoplasm are the same as those stored in adipose tissue
Skeletal muscle does not have the enzyme to use
Glycerol
ATP yield is faster in stored glycerides then _______ glycerides
Transported
What is the regulation of lipolysis controlled by
Endocrine system
What are several hormones that get secreted in the blood circulate and turn on lipolysis
Glucagon and epinephrine
Other hormones in the blood can inhibit lipolysis
Insulin
True or false exercising a group of muscles example of abdominal muscles promotes lipolysis only in the adipose tissue that surrounds the active muscle
False
True or false exercise will promote lipolysis of triglycerides stored in the cytoplasm of muscle fibers that are active during the exercise
True
___________is released from adipose tissue into the blood
Glycerol
Glycerol is taken up by the liver in used to synthesize glucose via
Gluconeogenesis
What is gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrate
- reactions take place in the liver,mlargely in response to low blood glucose concentration
- as a result of glucoseneogenesis blood glucose concentrations rise
Glucose to pyruvate is called
Glycolysis
exothermic
Pyruvate to glucose is called
Gluconeogenesis
Endothermic
The______ is the only organ that is equipped to make glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
Liver
What is Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver
What is Gluconeogenesis
Synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
example glycerol in amino acids
When liver glycogen is normal that uses glycogenesis to maintain blood glucose level until it empties then uses __________
Gluconeogenesis
What is the significance of gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis serves a means by which glucose can be made available to the brain when liver glycogen stores/blood glucose are low
Cells of the CNS need glucose to synthesize
ATP
Period of no food, low carbohydrates, high-protein causes a __________in blood glucose this is not adequate amount of blood glucose support so function
decrease
In the long term energy system what are the substrates
Blood glucose
triglycerides
glycogen (muscle and liver )
protein
