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Physiology > Ch. 6: Metabolism II > Flashcards

Ch. 6: Metabolism II Flashcards

1
Q

Creatine, synthesized in the —— and ——- or from digestion, is taken up by cells, namely skeletal muscle cells, where it becomes phosphorylated and stored

A

Liver and kidney

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2
Q

What does it mean to be phosphorylated

A

Pete from the ATP goes to creatine and becomes CP + ADP

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3
Q

What happens when turning on immediate energy system

A

-Demand for ATP and subsequent use of ATP stored in the cytoplasm causes the reaction to proceed towards the synthesis of new ATP
-Eventually, the concentration of CP in the cytoplasm will be deleted in cellular function will slow down
Energy/ATP supply is less then energy/ATP demand

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4
Q

How do you replenish CP

A

Demand/use of ATP is reduced

other energy systems synthesize ATP

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5
Q

What is the advantage of using immediate energy system

A

Quickest way cells carry synthesize ATP

Buys time for the other energy system to kick in

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6
Q

What is in disadvantage to immediate energy system

A

Sell store very small amounts of CP
Very limited capacity to reset the size ATP
(total amount of ATP produced is very low)

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7
Q

Substrates in an intermediate energy system

A

Blood glucose and glycogen muscle and liver

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8
Q

The tablet reaction/pathways in intermediate energy system

A

Glycolysis aerobic and anaerobic conditions
glycogenesis aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Krebs cycle aerobic conditioning
electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylase and aerobic conditions

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9
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Cytoplasm
glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate
released hydrogen and their associated electrons are energy rich
-Energy can be derived from them provided that carried/delivered to mitochondria
-electron carrier: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

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10
Q

What is oxidation/reduction

A

Type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between molecules

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11
Q

What is Reduction?

A

NAD + 2H+ —>NADH + H+

GER (gaming electron reduction)

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12
Q

What is oxidation

A

NADH + H+ ——> NAD +2H+

LEO loss of electrons is oxidation

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13
Q

What is an example of oxidation/reduction

A

Revolving door

Occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm

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14
Q

What happens in the cytoplasm during oxidation reduction reaction

A

No ATPs derived from this reaction during oxidation

2NADH + 2H+—>2NAD+4H

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15
Q

What happens in the mitochondria of an oxidation reduction reactions

A

Reduction/oxidation produce ATP

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16
Q

What are the two phases in glycolysis and what happens in them

A 
Investment phase
-Investment of two ATP
Yielding phase
-production of 
      -2 NADH 
      -4 ATP 
      -2 pyruvate
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17
Q

Oxygen is not use/consumed in the reaction of

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

In order to get ATP out of glucose you must first invested in

A

ATP

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19
Q

What is the net ATP yield from one glucose molecule proceeding through all the reactions of glycolysis

A

2 ATP net regardless of aerobic or anaerobic reaction

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20
Q

Collectively glycolysis is viewed as

A

Exothermic

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21
Q

Rise and intracellular glucose will promote osmosis, which ________ intracellular fluid volume resulting in a ________ in the intracellular glucose and other solutes

A

Increases; decrease

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22
Q

First reaction of glycolysis prevents Deleterious outcomes resulting from a ______in intracellular glucose because it catabolizes/remove free glucose

A

Rise

First reaction of glycolysis happens really fast

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23
Q

What are some major fates of pyruvate

A

Pyruvate—–> lactate
-anaerobic conditions
pyruvate ——->acetyl CoA——-> Krebs cycle
-aerobic conditions

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24
Q

Lactic acid is an acid, which means it can release the hydrogen ion and bind with a positively charged sodium or potassium ion to form____________

A

An acid salt Na-Lactate

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25
Q

What is a disadvantage of lactic formation

A 
Drop in pH 
-lactic acid ------>lactate + H+
Can inhibit enzymes of glycolysis,!which slows the rate of ATP synthesis
low ATP yield
-2ATP for one glucose
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26
Q

All reactions in glycolysis are regulated by

A

Enzymes

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27
Q

If lactic acid is formed

A

pH drops, reaction slows, and ATP production slows

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28
Q

Where is ATP store

Creatine phosphate stored in the

A

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

Matrix of mitochondria

30
Q

Electron transport chain occurs in the

A

Outer chamber

31
Q

When the pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle it is

A

Transported into the mitochondria matrix by facilitated the diffusion

32
Q

CO2 is a byproduct of _______ __________

A

Aerobic catabolism

33
Q

Glycolysis is reduced in the

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle as pyruvate enters

A

1 glucose ——->2 pyruvate ——->2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH

35
Q

Pyruvate under aerobic conditions enters mitochondrial matrix under anaerobic conditions forms ______ _______

A

Lactic acid

36
Q

How many NADH, ATP, FADH2 does the Krebs cycle yield

A

Three NADH, one ATP, 1FADH2

37
Q

Theoretical Balance sheet: Glycolysis —–>Krebs cycle during aerobic conditions yields

A 
One glucose molecule: 
net 2 ATP-glycolysis 
2 NADH-glycolysis 
2-NADH pyruvate -------> Acetyl CoA 
6 NADH-Krebs cycle 
-3 per turn 
2 FADH2-Krebs cycle 
-1 per turn 
2 ATP-Krebs cycle 
-1 per turn
38
Q

Electron transport chain =

A

Oxidative Phosporylation

39
Q

Electron transport chain occurs in the

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane space

40
Q

Oxidation and phosphorylation, what are the formulas of the electron transport chain

A

Oxidation
NADH + H+——–>NAD+ +2H+
Phosphorylation
ADP + PI + energy——> ATP

41
Q

Fate of NADH formed in glycolysis

A

Oxidized is cytoplasm
under anaerobic conditions
Resulting in lactate formation in no further increase in ATP

42
Q

If cells do not have ________ in the electron transport chain then it cannot recycle NADH and no ATP would be produced, Krebs cycle will not be able to turn

A

Oxygen

43
Q

NADH is transported across the mitochondrial membrane by what is called the __________

A

Malate Aspartate Shuttle
-NADH ——>three ATP
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
-FADH2 ——->2 ATP

44
Q

Glycolysis is found in the cytoplasm in yields how many ATP how many NADH

A

2 ATP. 2ATP

2 NADH x 2 or 3 ATP 4-6 ATP

45
Q

Pyruvate found in the mitochondria goes to Acetyl CoA to produce how many ATP

A

To NADH times three ATP per NADH gives you six total ATP

46
Q

Krebs cycle produces how many ATP

A

6 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH =18
2FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2=4
2 ATP. =2

47
Q

There are a total of _______ ATP for one glucose in aerobic conditions

A

36 to 38

90 to 95% of the ATP made in the electron transport chain 34 total ATP

48
Q

Oxygen in mitochondria of cells normally remains relatively_______

A

Constant

Oxygen delivery/supply = use/demand of oxygen

49
Q

When demand for ATP is very high, Krebs cycle/ETC can’t synthesize _____ fast enough

A

ATP
Ceiling effect for aerobic energy
The cell increases reliance on anaerobic energy systems

50
Q

When oxygen in mitochondria of cells becomes reduced oxygen supply is ________ the demand of oxygen, The cell has no other choice but to produce ATP anaerobically

A

Less then

51
Q

Cardiac muscle has a very limited ability to synthesize ATP in the absence of ________

A

Oxygen

called Limited anaerobic capacity

52
Q

How does ATP get out of the mitochondrial matrix

A

ATP in matrix is transported into the inter-membrane space via facilitated diffusion
-ATP-ADP translocase
ATP and ADP passed through outer membrane via diffusion

53
Q

A grand total of ATP you old per glucose in aerobic respiration is

A

36 to 38 ATP

54
Q

What are the intermediate energy systems

A

Substrates which include blood glucose and glycogen (muscle and liver)
Metabolic reaction/pathways
Glycolysis
glycogenolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

What is glycolysis in metabolic reactions

A

Aerobic and anaerobic conditions

56
Q

What is glycogenolysis in metabolic reactions

A

Aerobic and anaerobic conditions

the breakdown of skeletal muscle

57
Q

What is Krebs cycle under metabolic reactions

A

Aerobic conditions

58
Q

What is electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation under metabolic reactions

A

Aerobic conditions

59
Q

Glycogen is found where in what does the structure look like

A

Found in granules in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells in liver cells
Structure: thousands of glucose molecules linked together

60
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen in skeletal muscle

A

Stores glucose as glycogen for its own use

to provide a concentrated form of glucose for the skeletal muscle cell myofiber

61
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen in the liver

A

Stores glycogen to maintain blood glucose

to maintain relative constant concentrations of blood glucose

62
Q

What is the first reaction of glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen (n) +Pi ——>glucose-1-phosphate + glycogen (n-1)
Enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase

63
Q

What is the second reaction of glycogenolysis

A

Glucose-1-phosphate ——->

64
Q

What happens in anaerobic conditions of skeletal muscle cells

A

2 Pyruvate ——->2Lactate + 2H+

65
Q

What happened in aerobic conditioning for skeletal muscle cell

A

2 pyruvate——–>2 Acetyl CoA

66
Q

ATP yield from one glucose molecule that originated from muscle glycogen in anaerobic conditions yields

A

2 ATP same as glycolysis

67
Q

ATP yield from one glucose molecule that originated from muscle glycogen in aerobic conditions yields

A

36 to 38 ATP

68
Q

What is the purpose of liver glycogenolysis?

A

To maintain relative constant concentration of blood glucose

Stores glucose not only for the liver cells but for other cells as well

69
Q

The liver has an enzyme that is capable of removing a phosphate from glucose six phosphate what is it called

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

70
Q

ATP yield from a glucose molecule that originated from liver glycogen during anaerobic conditions

A

2ATP

71
Q

ATP yield from a glucose molecule that originated from liver glycogen in aerobic conditions is

A

36 to 38 ATP

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