Ch. 6: Metabolism II Flashcards
Creatine, synthesized in the —— and ——- or from digestion, is taken up by cells, namely skeletal muscle cells, where it becomes phosphorylated and stored
Liver and kidney
What does it mean to be phosphorylated
Pete from the ATP goes to creatine and becomes CP + ADP
What happens when turning on immediate energy system
-Demand for ATP and subsequent use of ATP stored in the cytoplasm causes the reaction to proceed towards the synthesis of new ATP
-Eventually, the concentration of CP in the cytoplasm will be deleted in cellular function will slow down
Energy/ATP supply is less then energy/ATP demand
How do you replenish CP
Demand/use of ATP is reduced
other energy systems synthesize ATP
What is the advantage of using immediate energy system
Quickest way cells carry synthesize ATP
Buys time for the other energy system to kick in
What is in disadvantage to immediate energy system
Sell store very small amounts of CP
Very limited capacity to reset the size ATP
(total amount of ATP produced is very low)
Substrates in an intermediate energy system
Blood glucose and glycogen muscle and liver
The tablet reaction/pathways in intermediate energy system
Glycolysis aerobic and anaerobic conditions
glycogenesis aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Krebs cycle aerobic conditioning
electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylase and aerobic conditions
What is glycolysis?
Cytoplasm
glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate
released hydrogen and their associated electrons are energy rich
-Energy can be derived from them provided that carried/delivered to mitochondria
-electron carrier: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
What is oxidation/reduction
Type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between molecules
What is Reduction?
NAD + 2H+ —>NADH + H+
GER (gaming electron reduction)
What is oxidation
NADH + H+ ——> NAD +2H+
LEO loss of electrons is oxidation
What is an example of oxidation/reduction
Revolving door
Occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm
What happens in the cytoplasm during oxidation reduction reaction
No ATPs derived from this reaction during oxidation
2NADH + 2H+—>2NAD+4H
What happens in the mitochondria of an oxidation reduction reactions
Reduction/oxidation produce ATP
What are the two phases in glycolysis and what happens in them
Investment phase
-Investment of two ATP
Yielding phase
-production of
-2 NADH
-4 ATP
-2 pyruvateOxygen is not use/consumed in the reaction of
Glycolysis
In order to get ATP out of glucose you must first invested in
ATP
What is the net ATP yield from one glucose molecule proceeding through all the reactions of glycolysis
2 ATP net regardless of aerobic or anaerobic reaction
Collectively glycolysis is viewed as
Exothermic
Rise and intracellular glucose will promote osmosis, which ________ intracellular fluid volume resulting in a ________ in the intracellular glucose and other solutes
Increases; decrease
First reaction of glycolysis prevents Deleterious outcomes resulting from a ______in intracellular glucose because it catabolizes/remove free glucose
Rise
First reaction of glycolysis happens really fast
What are some major fates of pyruvate
Pyruvate—–> lactate
-anaerobic conditions
pyruvate ——->acetyl CoA——-> Krebs cycle
-aerobic conditions
Lactic acid is an acid, which means it can release the hydrogen ion and bind with a positively charged sodium or potassium ion to form____________
An acid salt Na-Lactate
What is a disadvantage of lactic formation
Drop in pH -lactic acid ------>lactate + H+ Can inhibit enzymes of glycolysis,!which slows the rate of ATP synthesis low ATP yield -2ATP for one glucose
All reactions in glycolysis are regulated by
Enzymes
If lactic acid is formed
pH drops, reaction slows, and ATP production slows
Where is ATP store
Creatine phosphate stored in the
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Where does the Krebs cycle occur
Matrix of mitochondria
Electron transport chain occurs in the
Outer chamber
When the pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle it is
Transported into the mitochondria matrix by facilitated the diffusion
CO2 is a byproduct of _______ __________
Aerobic catabolism
Glycolysis is reduced in the
Cytoplasm
What happens in the Krebs cycle as pyruvate enters
1 glucose ——->2 pyruvate ——->2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH
Pyruvate under aerobic conditions enters mitochondrial matrix under anaerobic conditions forms ______ _______
Lactic acid
How many NADH, ATP, FADH2 does the Krebs cycle yield
Three NADH, one ATP, 1FADH2
Theoretical Balance sheet: Glycolysis —–>Krebs cycle during aerobic conditions yields
One glucose molecule: net 2 ATP-glycolysis 2 NADH-glycolysis 2-NADH pyruvate -------> Acetyl CoA 6 NADH-Krebs cycle -3 per turn 2 FADH2-Krebs cycle -1 per turn 2 ATP-Krebs cycle -1 per turn
Electron transport chain =
Oxidative Phosporylation
Electron transport chain occurs in the
Inner mitochondrial membrane space
Oxidation and phosphorylation, what are the formulas of the electron transport chain
Oxidation
NADH + H+——–>NAD+ +2H+
Phosphorylation
ADP + PI + energy——> ATP
Fate of NADH formed in glycolysis
Oxidized is cytoplasm
under anaerobic conditions
Resulting in lactate formation in no further increase in ATP
If cells do not have ________ in the electron transport chain then it cannot recycle NADH and no ATP would be produced, Krebs cycle will not be able to turn
Oxygen
NADH is transported across the mitochondrial membrane by what is called the __________
Malate Aspartate Shuttle
-NADH ——>three ATP
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
-FADH2 ——->2 ATP
Glycolysis is found in the cytoplasm in yields how many ATP how many NADH
2 ATP. 2ATP
2 NADH x 2 or 3 ATP 4-6 ATP
Pyruvate found in the mitochondria goes to Acetyl CoA to produce how many ATP
To NADH times three ATP per NADH gives you six total ATP
Krebs cycle produces how many ATP
6 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH =18
2FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2=4
2 ATP. =2
There are a total of _______ ATP for one glucose in aerobic conditions
36 to 38
90 to 95% of the ATP made in the electron transport chain 34 total ATP
Oxygen in mitochondria of cells normally remains relatively_______
Constant
Oxygen delivery/supply = use/demand of oxygen
When demand for ATP is very high, Krebs cycle/ETC can’t synthesize _____ fast enough
ATP
Ceiling effect for aerobic energy
The cell increases reliance on anaerobic energy systems
When oxygen in mitochondria of cells becomes reduced oxygen supply is ________ the demand of oxygen, The cell has no other choice but to produce ATP anaerobically
Less then
Cardiac muscle has a very limited ability to synthesize ATP in the absence of ________
Oxygen
called Limited anaerobic capacity
How does ATP get out of the mitochondrial matrix
ATP in matrix is transported into the inter-membrane space via facilitated diffusion
-ATP-ADP translocase
ATP and ADP passed through outer membrane via diffusion
A grand total of ATP you old per glucose in aerobic respiration is
36 to 38 ATP
What are the intermediate energy systems
Substrates which include blood glucose and glycogen (muscle and liver)
Metabolic reaction/pathways
Glycolysis
glycogenolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
What is glycolysis in metabolic reactions
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions
What is glycogenolysis in metabolic reactions
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions
the breakdown of skeletal muscle
What is Krebs cycle under metabolic reactions
Aerobic conditions
What is electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation under metabolic reactions
Aerobic conditions
Glycogen is found where in what does the structure look like
Found in granules in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells in liver cells
Structure: thousands of glucose molecules linked together
What is the purpose of glycogen in skeletal muscle
Stores glucose as glycogen for its own use
to provide a concentrated form of glucose for the skeletal muscle cell myofiber
What is the purpose of glycogen in the liver
Stores glycogen to maintain blood glucose
to maintain relative constant concentrations of blood glucose
What is the first reaction of glycogenolysis
Glycogen (n) +Pi ——>glucose-1-phosphate + glycogen (n-1)
Enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase
What is the second reaction of glycogenolysis
Glucose-1-phosphate ——->
What happens in anaerobic conditions of skeletal muscle cells
2 Pyruvate ——->2Lactate + 2H+
What happened in aerobic conditioning for skeletal muscle cell
2 pyruvate——–>2 Acetyl CoA
ATP yield from one glucose molecule that originated from muscle glycogen in anaerobic conditions yields
2 ATP same as glycolysis
ATP yield from one glucose molecule that originated from muscle glycogen in aerobic conditions yields
36 to 38 ATP
What is the purpose of liver glycogenolysis?
To maintain relative constant concentration of blood glucose
Stores glucose not only for the liver cells but for other cells as well
The liver has an enzyme that is capable of removing a phosphate from glucose six phosphate what is it called
Glucose-6-phosphatase
ATP yield from a glucose molecule that originated from liver glycogen during anaerobic conditions
2ATP
ATP yield from a glucose molecule that originated from liver glycogen in aerobic conditions is
36 to 38 ATP
