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Physiology > Ch. 4: Cell Physiology II > Flashcards

Ch. 4: Cell Physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 types of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

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2
Q

What is involved in bulk transport

A 
Endocytosis 
-fluid endocytosis (pinocytosis)
-receptor mediated endocytosis
-phagocytosis
Exocytosis
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3
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

A substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as an integral membrane proteins

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4
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net diffusion of water
-water moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
-Or low solute concentration to high solute concentration
Water diffuses across the plasma membrane of most cells very rapidly via membrane protein channels (aquaporins) that are generally always open

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5
Q

Water concentration is influenced by

A

Solute(anything dissolved in a solution)
Low solute concentration to high solute concentration (Osmosis)
High water concentration to low water concentration (Osmosis)

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6
Q

In osmosis membrane is permeable to water but not _________

A

Solutes

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7
Q

What happens to intracellular fluid volume and cell size when the concentration of water soluble intercellular solute simple glucose is higher than normal?

A

The volume of intracellular fluid goes up in the size increases hypotonic
Solute concentration also goes up

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8
Q

What then happens to the concentration of the solute (glucose) in the intercellular fluid

A

The solute concentration in the intracellular fluid goes up and needs a protein carrier to get out

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9
Q

What that happens to the concentration of the other solutes in the intercellular fluid example potassium

A

The concentration of the other cells become diluted because water enters the cell by diffusion

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10
Q

Membrane is permeable to water but not________

A

Solutes

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11
Q

In response to _________the membrane generally becomes permeable to one or more solute to compensate

A

Osmosis

Temporary loss of homeostasis

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12
Q

What happens to extracellular fluid volume and solute concentration when a person is dehydrated?

A

Dehydration causes loss of some of the extracellular fluid

Water is going to enter the extracellular space via osmosis to compensate for the loss of fluid through sweat

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13
Q

Dehydration causes the cell to be

A

Hypertonic
cell shrinks
Water is low solute is high

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14
Q

During normal activity of the cell what state is it in

A

Isotonic solution

No change in cell volume

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15
Q

During hyper-hydrated time what is the state of the cell

A

Hypotonic solution
cell swells
Solute is low water is high

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16
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Transport of water-soluble molecules down a concentration gradient (from high to low) via an integral proteins functioning as a carrier
-ex.) glucose and amino acids

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of the facilitated diffusion

A

Specificity-Carrier proteins are specific to a particular water soluble factor
-ex.) glucose carrier transports ONLY GLUCOSE
bidirectional-extracellular ——->

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion always has a

Examples as it relates to glucose

A

-Carrier protein
-Most cells, the extracellular glucose is higher than the intracellular concentration
-In cells of the liver, small intestine lines, and kidney, glucose can be higher in the cytoplasm relative to the extracellular fluid
Extracellular

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19
Q

Liver stores glucose as what

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

True or false Most cells have a lower concentration inside the cell and a higher concentration outside cell

A

True

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21
Q

True or false Cells of the liver, small intestines, and kidney have high concentration inside the cell and low concentration outside the cell

A

True

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22
Q

What takes place in membrane transport

A

Diffusion
active transport
bulk transport

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23
Q

Describe saturation facilitated diffusion

A

Most cells have carrier proteins for water-soluble molecules(ex.) glucose transporters) on their plasma membrane in in on simulated/basal state
-allows for basal/low level uptake of water soluble molecules
Following simulations a population of carriers held in reserve in the cytoplasm move to the plasma membrane
-increased uptake rate of transport of water soluble molecule

24
Q

All cells use _______ to take up energy

A

Glucose

25
Q

Only can transfer as many molecules as there are_________

A

Receptors

26
Q

What is active transport

A

Requires energy
energy ATP dependent
transports water soluble molecules across the plasma membrane against its concentration gradient
Could be a channel or carrier

27
Q

K and Na transport at the same time through the _________

Active transport carrier itself is an ______ that breaks down ATP for energy

A

Sodium potassium pump

ATPase

28
Q

Potassium goes from ______concentration to _____ concentration
Sodium goes from ____concentration to _____concentration

A

Low to high

High to low

29
Q

What is bulk transport?

A 
Water soluble molecules are transported in bulk
Energy ATP dependent
Types of bulk transport processes
-endocytosis 
-exocytosis
30
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Internalization of components of the extracellular fluid

  • fluid endocytosis pinocytosis “cell drinking”
  • receptor mediated endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis-cell eating
31
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Secretion of intercellular components to the extracellular fluid

32
Q

What is fluid endocytosis

A

Sell drinking pinocytosis
The transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle Orsak forms around each droplet which is then taking into the inner of the cytoplasm

33
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Process by which Celebes swords molecules by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins which help in binding the particular molecules necessary for the cell

34
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Types of white blood cells
Phagocytic cells
Engulfing of micro organisms or other cells in foreign particles by phagocytes

35
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Secretion of products synthesized by cells
example neurotransmitters
All cells can perform exocytosis

36
Q

What is the importance of balance

A 
What would happen to a cell size if the rate
Endocytosis is greater then exocytosis
-The size would get smaller
Endocytosis is less than exocytosis
-The size will get bigger
37
Q

How might these scenarios impact ability of a cell to maintain homeostasis

A

If the cell needs more something they can engulf more or vise versa

38
Q

What is maintenance of cell size

A

Rate of exocytosis=rate of endocytosis

39
Q

What is membrane potential of cell physiology

A

A voltage difference exist across the plasma membrane of all cell
Resting or quiescent
-intercellular surface negatively charged
-extracellular surface positive charge

40
Q

______________ -negative charge is attribute of all to fixed molecules or proteins that are negatively charged

  • membrane proteins
  • ATP
A

Intracellular surface

41
Q

____________Positive charge mainly attribute all to positively charged ions

A

Sodium (Na+), which is found in (high) in the extracellular fluid

42
Q

Relative permeability of potassium is

A

50-75

43
Q

What are some factors that influence Intracellular ion concentrations

A

Chemical forces

  • electrochemical force
    - opposite charges are attracted to each other
  • diffusion force
    - concentration gradient across membrane
44
Q

Factors that influence intracellular ion concentration is stare of ion channels

A

Open of closed ion channels

45
Q

Movement of sodium potassium only occurs when the channels are open, regardless of the existence of electrochemical or diffusion force

A

Na+/ K+

46
Q

What are ion channels

A

Primary ion channels implements membrane potential
-K+ channels
-Na+channels
voltage regulated ion channels
-Open/close in response to changes in membrane potential (voltage)
plasma membrane’s are more permeable to potassium relative to sodium in a resting cell leaky to potassium
-higher percentage of potassium channels are open relative to sodium channels when a cell is at its resting membrane potential for (low-voltage)

47
Q

more potassium is ________ a cell

A

Inside

48
Q

What is the normal range of membrane potential

A

-62 to -90 mV

Increase in membrane potential in target cell

49
Q

What happens with an increase in membrane potential

A

If the membrane potential rises to a threshold value the membrane/cell becomes activated, resulting in action potential

50
Q

What is depolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential

51
Q

What is repolarization

A

Return of the membrane potential to resting levels

52
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential relative to resting levels

53
Q

Channels open and close in response to

A

Membrane potential

54
Q

Continued entry of potassium into the cytoplasm will cause the membrane potential to __________

A

increase

55
Q

Increase member potential above the threshold value causes an action potential and hence__________ the cell

A

Activate

56
Q

What is a hypothetical example of resting membrane potential

A

Skeletal muscle cells contracting without a stimulus from nervous system
Neurons firing without a stimulus from higher brain centers

57
Q

What maintains homeostasis of a cell’s membrane potential and bus prevents spontaneous activation of cells

A

The potassium needs to be higher in the intracellular fluid

the sodium potassium pump

Physiology (9 decks)

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