Ch. 3: Cell physiology

Question 1

How are cells found

Answer 1

In different shapes and sizes
1 billion cells per kilogram of tissue(2 billion per lbs)
10% of all cells in the body are replaced every minute
Components within cells and cell function changes as a result of aging, disease, and exercise

Question 2

What type of cells have a high turnover and which cells have low turnover

Answer 2

Skin cells

Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells/fibers

Question 3

What is an example of a cell changing shape

Answer 3

When a patient has a heart attack the cardiac cells die and cannot be replaced

Question 4

What is example of cell death in skeletal muscle

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle fibers die and cannot be healed to normal or full function

Question 5

Changes in structure and function of a cell within an organ will ultimately ______________________

Answer 5

influence the function of the whole body

All changes affect your cells

Question 6

What are the four common components of the cell

Answer 6

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles-little organs
Nucleus

Question 7

What are four compositions of plasma membrane

Answer 7

Lipids - phospholipids (most common)
proteins - integral proteins and peripheral (extracellular) proteins
cholesterol - components of plasma membrane found in lipid Bilayer
glycolipids and glycoproteins- sugarcoated

Question 8

What is the fluid Mosaic model

Answer 8

Representation of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

Question 9

Proteins float and move with the_________ __________

Integral proteins span the entire__________ ___________

Answer 9

Plasma membrane

Lipid Bilayer

Question 10

What are phospholipids

Answer 10

They had two components consisting of a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail
Head-polar in hydrophilic (water loving) outside the layer
Tail-nonpolar hydrophobic (does not like water) inside the layer

Question 11

What are fluid compartments

Answer 11

Chemicals in the extracellular and intracellular fluid can be classified on a solubility continuum

Question 12

What is an example of water soluble and lipid soluble?

Answer 12

Water soluble: glucose, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)

Lipid Soluble: O2, CO2, cortisol (stress hormone)

Question 13

What is the functional significance of lipid bilayer

Answer 13

Plasma membrane is a selectively in permeable barrier
Hydrophobic area:
-restricts the passage of water soluble molecules (lipids, oils and water don’t mix)
-allows for lipid Soluble molecules and gases to diffuse across membrane

Question 14

What are two different type of membrane proteins and describe them

Answer 14

Integral proteins-span the width of the membrane

Peripheral proteins - are on the innercellular and extracellular surfaces (inner and outer surface of plasma membrane)

Question 15

What are the functions of integral membrane proteins and what are some examples

Answer 15

Channels: passage of water-soluble molecules in water
Carrier proteins: transport of water-soluble molecules
Receptors: allow for water-soluble molecules to communicate with the cell
Adhesion molecules: “docking structures” for cells to adhere to and to communicate with each other ex. (cell to cell adhesion to form tissue)

Question 16

Integral proteins that are channels are ___________

Answer 16

Bidirectional
Come in or out of the cell both directions
Water can enter in the cell through the channel in the can also leave through the channel
Ex.) door opening and closing
Ex.) Na+ channel and K+ channel

Question 17

Diffusion goes from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _______ solute concentration

Answer 17

High to low

Question 18

Integral membrane proteins such as channels that do not use extracellular fluid only occur in the

Answer 18

Cardiac muscle

Question 19

Communication between cells without using extracellular fluid is called

Answer 19

Connexon

Question 20

Integral proteins carrier is

Answer 20

Locking key affect very specific to which molecule can be transported
The door is not continuously open, it is like a revolving door
This carrier is specific to glucose only
Bidirestional

Question 21

Integral membrane receptor

Answer 21

Secretory cell uses a hormone or chemical messenger to binds to the receptor of the target cell
-this is the docking say for various water-soluble molecules locking key method Also applies

Question 22

Integral proteins with adhesion molecules

Answer 22

Example are cadherin proteins

Question 23

Peripheral membrane proteins consists of

Answer 23

Extracellular surface and intracellular surface

Question 24

What components make up the extracellular surface

Answer 24

Enzymes which are biological catalysts
adhesion molecules
receptors or foreign antigens

Question 25

What components make up the intracellular surface

Answer 25

Enzymes which speed up chemical reactions

“anchoring site” for intracellular proteins

Question 26

What is an example of a peripheral protein that anchor for intracellular proteins is

Answer 26

Skeletal muscle cell/fiber
Large number of Peripheral protein
Interaction between muscle fibers

Question 27

What are some examples of other membrane components

Answer 27

Cholesterol is the influence membrane fluidity
Glycolipids aggregation of cells and cell to cell interaction
Glycoproteins are aggregation of cells and cell to cell interaction and receptors

Question 28

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️what are the functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 28

Forms the basis structure of the cell
Selective permeable barrier
- which restricts the passage of water soluble molecules
-Allows for passage of lipid Soluble molecules/gases
Detect chemical messages carried by water soluble molecules via receptors
Link adjacent cells be a membrane proteins, glycolipids, Oregon glycoproteins
Anchor for intracellular structures

Question 29

What is cytoplasm

Answer 29

Area between plasma membrane and nucleus
Portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus
Fluid portion
-cytosol 
-intracellular fluid
Contains
-cytoskeleton 
-organelles

Question 30

What is the cytoskeleton

Answer 30

Rail system or cable car for movement of organelles and vesicles
Highly organized complex protein found in the cytoplasm lattice structure

Question 31

What are the functions of cytoskeleton

Answer 31

Give structural support
⭐️Anchor for organelles
Movement of organelles or vesicles in the cytoplasm
Movement of a cell (example muscle fiber, white blood cells chasing bacteria)

Question 32

What is the nucleus

Answer 32

Largest organelle
Also in the body have a single nucleus except
-skeletal muscle cells/fiber
        -many nuclei my multinucleated
-Red blood cells 
        -no nucleus

Question 33

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 33

Storage and transmission of information
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or genes
Nucleus initiates proteins synthesis but the bulk of the protein synthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 34

What is endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 34

RER which is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (granular)
-Full of protein synthesis occurs 
-has ribosomes
SER which is smooth endoplasmic reticulum (agranular)
-no protein synthesis
-No ribosomes
-fatty acids can be Synthesized
-stores and releases calcium

Question 35

What is the Golgi apparatus

Answer 35

Packaging warehouse
Functions include:
-modifying proteins:
         -add CHO = glycoprotein
         -add lipid = glycolipid
-"decides" which proteins are secreted and which remain in the cell

Question 36

What are lysosomes

Answer 36

• Oval organelles surrounded by a single membrane
• Cells typically contain greater than 100 lysosomes
• Fluid within lysosomes are acidic and contains digestive enzymes and -chemicals (example free radicals)
• “Cellular stomachs”
  - pathogen
  - cell debris damage cell components

Question 37

What is mitochondrion

Answer 37

2 Unique lipid bilayers
All cells except red blood cells have a mitochondrion
Major site of energy ATP production
-produced via consumption of oxygen aerobic

Question 38

What is a cell?

Answer 38

The basic unit of structure and function in the body