Ch. 3: Cell physiology Flashcards
How are cells found
In different shapes and sizes
1 billion cells per kilogram of tissue(2 billion per lbs)
10% of all cells in the body are replaced every minute
Components within cells and cell function changes as a result of aging, disease, and exercise
What type of cells have a high turnover and which cells have low turnover
Skin cells
Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells/fibers
What is an example of a cell changing shape
When a patient has a heart attack the cardiac cells die and cannot be replaced
What is example of cell death in skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers die and cannot be healed to normal or full function
Changes in structure and function of a cell within an organ will ultimately ______________________
influence the function of the whole body
All changes affect your cells
What are the four common components of the cell
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles-little organs
Nucleus
What are four compositions of plasma membrane
Lipids - phospholipids (most common)
proteins - integral proteins and peripheral (extracellular) proteins
cholesterol - components of plasma membrane found in lipid Bilayer
glycolipids and glycoproteins- sugarcoated
What is the fluid Mosaic model
Representation of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
Proteins float and move with the_________ __________
Integral proteins span the entire__________ ___________
Plasma membrane
Lipid Bilayer
What are phospholipids
They had two components consisting of a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail
Head-polar in hydrophilic (water loving) outside the layer
Tail-nonpolar hydrophobic (does not like water) inside the layer
What are fluid compartments
Chemicals in the extracellular and intracellular fluid can be classified on a solubility continuum
What is an example of water soluble and lipid soluble?
Water soluble: glucose, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)
Lipid Soluble: O2, CO2, cortisol (stress hormone)
What is the functional significance of lipid bilayer
Plasma membrane is a selectively in permeable barrier
Hydrophobic area:
-restricts the passage of water soluble molecules (lipids, oils and water don’t mix)
-allows for lipid Soluble molecules and gases to diffuse across membrane
What are two different type of membrane proteins and describe them
Integral proteins-span the width of the membrane
Peripheral proteins - are on the innercellular and extracellular surfaces (inner and outer surface of plasma membrane)
What are the functions of integral membrane proteins and what are some examples
Channels: passage of water-soluble molecules in water
Carrier proteins: transport of water-soluble molecules
Receptors: allow for water-soluble molecules to communicate with the cell
Adhesion molecules: “docking structures” for cells to adhere to and to communicate with each other ex. (cell to cell adhesion to form tissue)
Integral proteins that are channels are ___________
Bidirectional
Come in or out of the cell both directions
Water can enter in the cell through the channel in the can also leave through the channel
Ex.) door opening and closing
Ex.) Na+ channel and K+ channel
Diffusion goes from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _______ solute concentration
High to low
Integral membrane proteins such as channels that do not use extracellular fluid only occur in the
Cardiac muscle
Communication between cells without using extracellular fluid is called
Connexon
Integral proteins carrier is
Locking key affect very specific to which molecule can be transported
The door is not continuously open, it is like a revolving door
This carrier is specific to glucose only
Bidirestional
Integral membrane receptor
Secretory cell uses a hormone or chemical messenger to binds to the receptor of the target cell
-this is the docking say for various water-soluble molecules locking key method Also applies
Integral proteins with adhesion molecules
Example are cadherin proteins
Peripheral membrane proteins consists of
Extracellular surface and intracellular surface
What components make up the extracellular surface
Enzymes which are biological catalysts
adhesion molecules
receptors or foreign antigens
What components make up the intracellular surface
Enzymes which speed up chemical reactions
“anchoring site” for intracellular proteins
What is an example of a peripheral protein that anchor for intracellular proteins is
Skeletal muscle cell/fiber
Large number of Peripheral protein
Interaction between muscle fibers
What are some examples of other membrane components
Cholesterol is the influence membrane fluidity
Glycolipids aggregation of cells and cell to cell interaction
Glycoproteins are aggregation of cells and cell to cell interaction and receptors
⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️what are the functions of the plasma membrane
Forms the basis structure of the cell
Selective permeable barrier
- which restricts the passage of water soluble molecules
-Allows for passage of lipid Soluble molecules/gases
Detect chemical messages carried by water soluble molecules via receptors
Link adjacent cells be a membrane proteins, glycolipids, Oregon glycoproteins
Anchor for intracellular structures
What is cytoplasm
Area between plasma membrane and nucleus Portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus Fluid portion -cytosol -intracellular fluid Contains -cytoskeleton -organelles
What is the cytoskeleton
Rail system or cable car for movement of organelles and vesicles
Highly organized complex protein found in the cytoplasm lattice structure
What are the functions of cytoskeleton
Give structural support
⭐️Anchor for organelles
Movement of organelles or vesicles in the cytoplasm
Movement of a cell (example muscle fiber, white blood cells chasing bacteria)
What is the nucleus
Largest organelle
Also in the body have a single nucleus except
-skeletal muscle cells/fiber
-many nuclei my multinucleated
-Red blood cells
-no nucleusWhat is the function of the nucleus
Storage and transmission of information
-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or genes
Nucleus initiates proteins synthesis but the bulk of the protein synthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum
What is endoplasmic reticulum
RER which is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (granular) -Full of protein synthesis occurs -has ribosomes SER which is smooth endoplasmic reticulum (agranular) -no protein synthesis -No ribosomes -fatty acids can be Synthesized -stores and releases calcium
What is the Golgi apparatus
Packaging warehouse
Functions include:
-modifying proteins:
-add CHO = glycoprotein
-add lipid = glycolipid
-"decides" which proteins are secreted and which remain in the cellWhat are lysosomes
- Oval organelles surrounded by a single membrane
- Cells typically contain greater than 100 lysosomes
- Fluid within lysosomes are acidic and contains digestive enzymes and -chemicals (example free radicals)
- “Cellular stomachs”
- pathogen
- cell debris damage cell components
What is mitochondrion
2 Unique lipid bilayers
All cells except red blood cells have a mitochondrion
Major site of energy ATP production
-produced via consumption of oxygen aerobic
What is a cell?
The basic unit of structure and function in the body
