Ch 7: memory Flashcards
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Memory
The process of getting information into the memory sense
Encoding
The process of getting information out of memory stage
Retrieval
Atkinson and Shriffin’s three step model
We form memories in three stages: sensory memory; short term; long term
A newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing, and info retrieval from long term memory
Working memory
The process of retaining encoded info over time
Storage
The immediate very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system; first stage in forming explicit memories
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds few items briefly (such as 7 digit phone number while calling) before the info is stored or forgotten
Short term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience
Long term memory
Retention of learned skills without conscious awareness
Implicit memory
Retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve; we encode these through effortful processing
Explicit memory
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful processing
Unconscious encoding of everyday info such as space, time, frequency, and of well learned info such as word meanings
Automatic processing
3 types of automatic processing
Space, time, frequency
Processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time; brains natural mode of info processing of many functions
Parallel processing
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often automatically
Chunking
Memory aids especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonics
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Spacing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading info
Testing effect
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
Semantic memory
Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
Episodic memory
Retrieving info out of storage into conscious awareness (fill in blank question)
Recall
Identifying items you previously learned (a multiple choice question)
Recognition
Learning something more quickly when u learn it a second time
Relearning
The activation, often consciously, of particular associations in memory
Priming
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Serial position effect
A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Reconsolidation
When a memory has been corrupted by misleading info
Misinformation effect
Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Deja vu
The backward acting disruptive effect on newer learning on the recall of older information
Retroactive interference
