Ch 3 Flashcards
the sequence of biological growth leading to changes in behavior, mostly independent of experience (we stand before we walk)
maturation
theory that children construct their understanding of the world as they interact with it. Their minds go through spurts of change from one level to the next
Piaget’s Theory
interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
assimilation
adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new info
accommodations
the principle Piaget believed that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shape
conservation
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
schema
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
object permanence
peoples ideas about their own and others mental states
theory of mind
experiencing the world through senses and actions
sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
representing things with words and images; intuitive rather than logical reasoning
preoperational (2-6 years)
thinking logically about concrete events
concrete operational (7-11)
reading abstractly
formal operational; 12- adulthood
trust vs mistrust
if needs are met, infants will develop trust (infants)
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves or they doubt their ability
initiative vs guilt
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
competence vs inferiority
(6-puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
identity vs role confusion
teen to 20s; teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity or they become confused about who they are
intimacy vs isolation
20-40; struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated
generativity vs stagnation
40-60; people discover a sense of contributing to the world or they feel a lack of purpose
integrity vs despair
60-up; reflecting on their lives may feel satisfaction or failure
self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards (Kohlberg)
preconventional morality
upholds laws and rules to gain social approval and maintain social order (kohlberg)
conventional morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles (kohlberg)
postconventional morality
parent style with low warmth and high control; children have less social skill and self esteem
authoritarian
parent style with high warmth and high control; rules are explained, children are successful and have high self esteems
authoritative
parent control with high warmth and low control; parents do not make rules or enforce punishment; children are more aggressive and immature and do well when the mood strikes them
permissive
parent style with low warmth and low control; parents do not spend quality time; are absent; children are more likely to go to juvenile prison and have low self esteems
neglectful
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction; have an impaired theory of mind and have difficulty reading and remembering other people’s thoughts and feelings
autism spectrum disorder
fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning at about 8 months; after object permanence emerges
stranger anxiety
