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Biology 1406L > Ch. 7 How Cells Harvest Energy > Flashcards

Ch. 7 How Cells Harvest Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s an autotroph able to do?

A

produce own organic molecules through photosynthesis

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2
Q

Where do heterotrophs live?

A

on organic compounds produced by other organisms

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3
Q

What does cellular respiration extract?

A

energy from organic molecules

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4
Q

When dehydrogenation occurs, what’re lost electrons accompanied by?

A

protons

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5
Q

What does H+ stand for?

A

a hydrogen ion

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6
Q

What does e- stand for?

A

electron

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7
Q

How many electrons and protons must NAD+ receive to become NADH?

A

2 electrons and 1 proton

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8
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

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9
Q

What’s the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic molecules (that are NOT oxygen)

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10
Q

What’s the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

A

organic molecules

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11
Q

NAD+ is the _____ form whereas NADH is the ______ form.

A

Oxidized, reduced

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12
Q

What drives endergonic reactions?

A

ATP

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13
Q

What are the two mechanisms for synthesis?

A

1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) Oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

What are the 4 steps if oxidation of glucose?

A

1) glycolysis
2) pyruvate oxidation
3) citric acid cycle
4) electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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15
Q

During glycolysis, how much glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate?

A

one

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16
Q

What is the net production of glycolysis?

A

2

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17
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 water, 4 ATP

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18
Q

What is Aerobic respiration?

A

when oxygen is available as the final electron acceptor and produces a significant amount go ATP

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19
Q

What is fermentation?

A

when oxygen isn’t available, so organic molecules are the final electron acceptor (pyruvate is reduced to oxidize NADH into NAD+)

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20
Q

What is the energy yield of respiration?

A

32 ATP per glucose in bacteria
30 ATP per glucose in eukaryotes

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21
Q

What is the electron carrier process (3 steps)?

A

1) soluble carriers move electrons from one molecule to the next
2) membrane-bound carriers form a redox chain
3) carriers move w/in the membrane

22
Q

What is a NAD+ molecule made up of?

A

1) AMP which acts as the core and provides the shape
2) NMP which is readily reduced since its the active part and easily accepts electrons

23
Q

How does NAD+ become NADH?

A

When its reduced by accepting 2 electrons and a proton

24
Q

How is ATP formed in substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP

25
Q

How is ATP formed in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

by ATP sythnase using energy from a proton (H+) graident; ADP+Pi= ATP; used by eukaryotes and aerobic prokaryotes

26
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

1) mitochondrial inner membrane in eukaryotes
2) inter-foldings of plasma membrane in prokaryotes

27
Q

What’s the electron transport chain do?

A

releases energy to be converted to potential energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient

28
Q

What are the 3 major steps to Glycolysis?

A

1) primary reactions that change glucose into two separate 3-carbon phosphorated molecules (G3P); needs 2 ATP to activate
2) Cleavage in which the G3P go through more reactions
3) Oxidation and ATP formation in which both G3Ps are oxidized and transfer 2 electrons and 2 proton to NAD+ to create NADH and then transferred to ADP to create ATP

29
Q

What is the end process of Glycolysis yield?

A

4 ATP (2 per each G3P) minus 2 ATP (activation energy) = 2 ATP net yield

30
Q

Which came first? ATP breakdown of G3P or the synthesis of G3P from glucose?

A

ATP breakdown of G3P

31
Q

When pyruvate oxidized in the mitochondria, what does it produce?

A

Acetyl-CoA and CO2 which links glycolysis and the reactions of the citric acid cycle in which CoA is recycled to be used again in oxidation of pyruvate

32
Q

What’s the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)?

A

the oxidation go 2-carbon units in the form of acetyl groups bound to CoA from the oxidation go pyruvate or the oxidation of fatty acids

33
Q

What is the reaction of the CAC?

A

the conversion of citrate back to oxaloacetate which generates CO2 and transfers electrons and protons to carriers NADH and NAD+

34
Q

What are the 3 steps in the CAC?

A

1) 4-carbon oxaloacetate is combined with acetyl = 6-carbon citrate molecules
2) citrate is converted to 5-carbon intermediate and then into a 4-carbon succinate which produces 2 NADH and 1 ATP
3) succinate undergoes 3 reactions and becomes oxaloacetate which produces 1 NADH; 1 FAD gets reduced to FADH2

35
Q

What are the 9 reactions in the CAC?

A

1) condensation in which citrate is formed (irreversible)
2 & 3) Isomerization (a -H group and -OH group change positions to create isocitrate)
4) 1st oxidation in which isocitrate becomes alpha ketoglutarate
5) 2nd oxidation where alpha ketoglutarate becomes succinylcholine-CoA
6) substrate level phosphorylation occurs and GDP takes a phosphate to ADP = ATP
7) 3rd oxidation in which succinate becomes fumarate and FAD is reduced to FADH2
8-9) Regeneration of oxaloacetate and fumarate combines with water to make malate which gets oxidized to oxaloacetate and NAD+ reduces to NADH

36
Q

What is the end result of the CAC?

A

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 4 pairs of electrons

37
Q

What’s the first protein to receive electrons in the transport chain?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

38
Q

How many proton pumps get activated by NAD+ and FADH2?

A

NAD+ = 3
FADH2 = 2

39
Q

What’s chemiosmosis?

A

formulation of ATP driven by diffusion; coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis

40
Q

ATP sythnase is a molecular rotary motor. What are the two sub portions of this and what do they do?

A

1) F0 = membrane bound complex that allows electrons to move down their concentration gradients

2) F1 = composed of the stalk and a knob (head domain) and is where enzymatic activity occurs

  • both drive the rotation go the ATP syhtnase generator
41
Q

What is the P/O ratio?

A

the value for the amount of ATP synthesized per oxygen molecule (aka Phosphate-to-oxygen ratio) which yields about 2.5

42
Q

What enzyme is the control point for glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase which is inhibited by ATP, citrate, or both

43
Q

What enzyme is the control point for pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase which is inhibited by NADH

44
Q

Does anaerobic respiration produce more or less ATP than other respiration methods?

A

less

45
Q

What did photosynthesis begin as? When it evolved, what did it do?

A

Began as an an oxygenic process that once evolved, produced free oxygen which allowed the evolution of aerobic respiration to occur

46
Q

In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate turns into what at the end of glycolysis?

A

lactic acid; occurs in animals; makes ATP

47
Q

A single “turn” of CAC yields what?

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

48
Q

Where does ethanol fermentation occur?

A

yeast; makes ATP

49
Q

What does Alanine convert to?

A

pyruvate

50
Q

What does aspartate convert to?

A

oxaloacetate

51
Q

What are the 6 steps in the evolution of metabolism?

A

1) ability to store chemical energy in ATP
2) evolution of glycolysis
3) anoxygenic photosynthesis (using H2S)
4) use of water in photosynthesis (not using H2S -> changes atmosphere of earth)
5) evolution of nitrogen fixation
6) Aerobic respiration evolves

Biology 1406L (7 decks)

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