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Biology 1406L > Ch. 2 The nature of molecules & the properties of water > Flashcards

Ch. 2 The nature of molecules & the properties of water Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of bond allows water to “stick” to other surfaces/associate with other molecules?

A

Hydrogen bond

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2
Q

What’s matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space; composed of atoms

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3
Q

What did Rutherford’s scatter experiment discover?

A

The existence of the nucleus

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4
Q

What did Neils Bohr propose?

A

The Bohr model which states that every atom has an orbiting cloud of electrons whizzing around a dense nucleus formed by protons and neutrons

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5
Q

What’s an atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

What’s an element?

A

Simplest form of chemical matter, cannot be broken further

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7
Q

What charge do protons have?

A

Positive

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8
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

Neutral (no charge)

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9
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

Negative

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10
Q

Which element has no neutrons?

A

Hydrogen

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11
Q

What’s mass?

A

the amount of matter in an object

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12
Q

What’s weight?

A

the force of gravity acting on an object

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13
Q

What does the atomic mass of an atom equal?

A

The sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons

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14
Q

What’s a dalton?

A

unit of measurement for the mass of atoms and subatomic particles

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15
Q

What’s a neutral atom?

A

Atom that has equal amount of protons and electrons

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16
Q

What’s an ion?

A

an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons which results in charged particles

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17
Q

What’s an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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18
Q

What’s radioactive decay?

A

When an unstable isotope’s nucleus breaks up

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19
Q

What’s a half-life?

A

time it takes one half of the atoms in a sample to decay (usually a constant rate)

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20
Q

What’s the main issue with the Bohr model?

A

Not accurate in terms of reality as electrons can be anywhere and not in a circle around the nucleus

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21
Q

What’s an orbital?

A

A three-dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron

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22
Q

How many electrons can be in the first orbital?

A

no more than 2

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23
Q

What makes up the volume of an atom?

A

empty space

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24
Q

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

A

The distribution of electrons in the atoms electron shells

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25
Q

Define energy

A

the ability to do work

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26
Q

Moving an electron away from the nucleus ______ potential but ________ if moved closer.

A

increases, decreases

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27
Q

What’s a redox reaction?

A

when reduction and oxidation happen at the same time

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28
Q

Who created the periodic table of elements?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

29
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom

30
Q

What electrons are known to be the basis for differing chemical properties of elements?

A

valence electrons

31
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order to have a full set of valance electrons.

32
Q

What are organic compounds made of (abbreviation only)

A

OCHN

33
Q

What’s the most common molecule in the human body?

A

Water

34
Q

What’s the most abundant element in the human body?

A

oxygen

35
Q

What’s a compound?

A

a molecule with atoms of more than one element

36
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

where atoms in molecules are bonded

37
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become charged

38
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Are atoms that are sharing a pair or more of valence electrons.

39
Q

What’s a hydrogen bond?

A

a weak bond between two partially charged atoms occurs between a hydrogen atom and another atom that is more electronegative (such as nitrogen and oxygen)

40
Q

What’s a hydrophobic interaction?

A

forcing of hydrophobic portions of a molecule together in presence of polar substances

41
Q

What’s hydrophobic mean?

A

Fear of water

42
Q

What’s hydrophilic mean?

A

Water loving

43
Q

What’s a van der waals attraction?

A

weak attractions between atoms due to opposite polarized electron clouds

44
Q

Why is a molecule formed by 2 hydrogen atoms stable? (hint there are 3 answers)

A

1) has no net charge
2) octet rule is satisfied
3) has no unpaired electrons

45
Q

What are double bonds?

A

when atoms share two pairs of electrons

46
Q

What are single bonds?

A

when two atoms share a single pair of electrons

47
Q

What’s a non-polar bond?

A

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

48
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

unequal sharing of electrons

49
Q

What’s a chemical reaction?

A

formation or breaking of chemical bonds

50
Q

What’s a reactant?

A

a substance present at the start of a reaction

51
Q

What’s a product?

A

What’s produced at the end of a chemical reaction

52
Q

What are the 3 things that influence chemical reactions?

A

1) temperature
2) concentration of reactants and products
3) catalysts

53
Q

What’s a catalyst?

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

54
Q

What’s adhesion?

A

attraction between molecules of different substances

55
Q

What is temperature?

A

the result of how fast individual molecules are moving

56
Q

What’s specific heat?

A

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount

57
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

58
Q

What’s hydrophobic exclusion?

A

tendency of non polar molecules to aggregate in water

59
Q

What’s ionization?

A

a process when a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge based on how many electrons said molecule gains or loses

60
Q

What’s a mole?

A

weight of a substance in grams that corresponds to the atomic masses of all of the atoms in a single molecule of that substance

61
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

power of hydrogen

62
Q

What is acid?

A

any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

63
Q

What is basic?

A

solutions with a pH above 7 because they have more OH- ions

64
Q

What’s a buffer?

A

a solution that resists change in pH

65
Q

What does OH- stand for?

A

Hydroxide

66
Q

What does [H+] mean?

A

concentration of hydrogen ions

67
Q

What is the order (from strongest to weakest) of the bonds and their interactions?

A

1) covalent
2) ionic
3) hydrogen
4) hydrophobic
5) van der Waals

68
Q

What’s a solvent?

A

The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution.

Biology 1406L (7 decks)

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