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Biology 1406L > Ch. 3 the chemical building blocks of life > Flashcards

Ch. 3 the chemical building blocks of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What does modern biochemistry study?

A

biological molecules outside of cells

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2
Q

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

What’re functional groups?

A

specific molecular groups that bond to carbon-hydrogen cores

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5
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same formula but different carbon structure

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6
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

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7
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

What and how many atoms are in a molecule

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8
Q

What’s a monomer?

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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9
Q

What’s a polymer?

A

chain of monomers

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10
Q

What’s dehydration synthesis?

A

joining of 2 molecules together by taking out water

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11
Q

What’s hydrolysis?

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to adding water.

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12
Q

What’s a monosaccharide?

A

simple sugar

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13
Q

True or False? Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose.

A

True

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14
Q

True or false? Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose.

A

True

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15
Q

What’s a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides put together by dehydration synthesis

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16
Q

What’s a polysaccharide?

A

long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

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17
Q

What are the 7 functions of protein?

A

1) enzyme catalysis
2) defense
3) transport
4) support
5) motion
6) regulation
7) storage

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18
Q

What forms the basis of living systems?

A

Chemistry

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19
Q

Who conducted the cell-free fermentation experiment?

A

Edward Buchner

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20
Q

What are the 7 functional groups? Where are they found?

A

1) hydroxyl - carbs, proteins, n. acids, lipids
2) carbonyl - carbs and n. acids
3) phosphate - n. acids
4) Acidic carbonyl - proteins, lipids
5) Basic amino - proteins, n. acids
6) Sulfhydryl - proteins
7) methyl - proteins, n. acids

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21
Q

What’s an isomer?

A

Organic molecules w/ same molecular/emperical formula but, live in different forms

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22
Q

What’s an enantiomer?

A

Stereoisomers that’s mirror images of each other

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23
Q

Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are _____ of nucleotides

A

polymers

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24
Q

What’s dehydration reaction (aka condensation)?

A

a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion

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25
Q

What’s catalysis?

A

process of positioning and stressing and is carried out w/in cells by enzymes

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26
Q

What’s hydrolysis?

A

The reverse of dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is added

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27
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

group of molecules containing C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

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28
Q

What’s glycogen?

A

an insoluble polysaccharide in animals

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29
Q

What’s cellulose?

A

a polymer of b-glucose and is a chief component of plant cell walls

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30
Q

What’s chitlin?

A

structural material in anthropoids and fungi

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31
Q

What’s Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) do?

A

stores genetic information

32
Q

What does Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) do?

A

Creates short lined copies of genetic info used to direct synthesis of proteins; carries genetic info, plays part in protein synthesis, regulates process of gene expression

33
Q

What is Messenger RNA?

A

A carrier of info that has transcribed copies of parts of DNA which specify the sequence of amino acids of proteins

34
Q

What’s a nucleotide?

A

nucleic acids w/ long polymers of repeating sub-units

35
Q

What’s a polynucleotide?

A

when one phosphate of a nucleotide joins a hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide in a dehydration reaction; aka phosphodiester bond

36
Q

What’s nucleic acid?

A

a chain of 5-carbon sugars linked by phosphodiester bonds w/ a nitrogenous base protruding from each sugar

37
Q

What’s shape is a helix?

A

spiral

38
Q

What’s a double helix?

A

helix with two chains

39
Q

What are the roles of the different RNA’s in cells?

A

1) carries info in form of mRNA
2) part of ribosome in form of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3) carries amino acids in form of transfer RNA (tRNA)

40
Q

What’s Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

energy currency of the cell

41
Q

What are Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?

A

Electron carriers in many cellular processes

42
Q

What are the 4 levels of a protein structure?

A

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quanternay

43
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids

44
Q

What’s the secondary structure of a protein?

A

interaction of groups in peptide backbone (a-helix (coiled spiral) and b-sheet (plantar structure))

45
Q

What’s the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

final folded shape of globular protein and the functioning stage

46
Q

What’s the quanternay structure of the protein?

A

arrangement of individual chains of protein w/ 2+ polypeptide chains

47
Q

Where are hydrophobic animo acids located on a protein?

A

The interior

48
Q

Where are hydrophilic amino acids located on a protein?

A

The exterior

49
Q

What is a motif?

A

common element of the secondary structure in polypeptides; aka super secondary structure

50
Q

What are chaperone proteins?

A

Helpers that help proteins fold correctly

51
Q

What’s denaturation?

A

when a protein loses its tertiary structure by unfolding and loses its function

52
Q

Why does denaturation occur (hint there’s 3 answers)

A

1) pH
2) temperature
3) ionic concentration of solution

53
Q

What’s a lipid?

A

A group of molecules w/ one main chemical characteristic –> insoluble in water

54
Q

What’s a micelles?

A

Lipid molecules that orient w/ polar (hydrophilic) head towards water and non polar (hydrophobic) tails away from water

55
Q

What’s a phospholipid bilayer?

A

A structure with 2 layers that form with the hydrophobic portion facing inwards and the hydrophilic portion facing outwards

56
Q

What’s an amino acid?

A

organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups

57
Q

What are the 5 chemical classes based on the “R group” in amino acids?

A

1) Nonpolar
2) polar uncharged
3)Charged
4) Aromatic
5) Ones w/ special functions w/ unique properties

58
Q

What’s a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond that links two animo acids

59
Q

What’s a polypeptide?

A

an unbranched chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

60
Q

What’s a domain?

A

functional unit w/in a larger structure (are substances w/in the tertiary structure of a protein)

61
Q

Solve the metaphor.

Amino acids are the ____ in a protein’s language. Motifs are the _____ _______/________. Domains are the _______.

A

1) letters
2) repeated words/phrases
3) paragraphs

62
Q

What are heat shock proteins?

A

Chaperone proteins who help proteins unraveled by heat, refold

63
Q

What’s renaturation?

A

when a protein changes back into its normal shape and refolds itself

64
Q

What’s dissociation?

A

proteins in the quarternay structure that’s subunits separate w/o losing their individual tertiary structure

65
Q

What’s a lipid?

A

A group of molecules w/ the main chemical characteristic of being insoluble in water and is built from either fatty acids or glycerol

66
Q

What’s a triglyceride?

A

A lipid/fat molecule that consists of a glycerol molecule w/ 3 fatty acids attached and have 14-20 carbon chains

67
Q

What’s saturated fat?

A

when all internal carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain are bonded with 2 hydrogen atoms

68
Q

What’s unsaturated fat?

A

a fatty acid w/ double bonds between 1+ pairs of successive carbon atoms and have fewer hydrogen atoms

69
Q

What’s mono-unsaturated? What’s poly-unsaturated?

A

1) Mono-unsaturated is fatty acids w/ one double bond
2) Poly-unsaturated are fatty acids w/ 1+ double bonds

70
Q

What’s trans-configuration?

A

When carbon atoms are on opposite side before and after a double bond

71
Q

Why are unsaturated fats liquid and saturated fats are solid?

A

Due to the presence of double bonds in fatty acids, they affect the melting points of triglycerides b/c of a lack of free rotation

72
Q

What are Terpenes?

A

Long-chained lipids that’re components of pigments

73
Q

What’re steroids composed of?

A

4 carbon rings

74
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

about 20 lipids in a group that are modified fatty acids w/ 2 non polar “tails” attached to a 5-carbon ring and act as local chemical messengers

75
Q

What’s a phospholipid?

A

a complex lipid molecule that forms the core of all biological membranes

Biology 1406L (7 decks)

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