Ch. 7 Higher Order Cognitive Functions Flashcards
executive functioning & its management
- intelligence tests
- neuropsychological assessment
- aging and executive functioning
intelligence tests
- wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS-IV)
- raven progressive matrices
- trail making test
- wisconsin card sorting task (WCST)
- verbal fluency tests
wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS-IV)
four subscales combine into a full-scale index:
- verbal comprehension
- perceptual reasoning index
- working memory index
- processing speed index
verbal comprehension
vocabulary, similarities information
perceptual reasoning index
matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, block design
working memory index
digit span, arithmetic
processing speed index
symbol search, coding
things to consider with the wechsler adult intelligence scale
- hard to measure critical thinking, missing application, cultural aspects, social interaction, knowing yourself
- measures are used for decision-making purposes
- living alone, surgeries
raven progressive matrices
“choose the next pattern”
- apply to orientation that is not visualized
trail making test
draw a line connecting each circled number in order
neurocognitive decline with trail making test
- working memory: tract from 1-2-3; numeric sequences
- fine motor skills: manipulate utensil
- hand-eye coordination
wisconsin card sorting task (WCST)
measures ability to adapt to changing rules of organization
what is involved in the wisconsin card sorting task (WCST)
- environment changes
- knowing the rules
- paying attention
- keeping track of multiple rules
things to consider with wisconsin card sorting task
- no 1:1 correspondence in real-world scenarios
- cultural differences:
exposure to these types of stimuli
playing games pre-k schools or centers - how well do we work with what is around, working with patterns, and applying them
verbal fluency tests
“generate as many words as you can that begin with…”
- recalling; memory
- thinking on your feet; perform quickly with a given rule
assessment issues with verbal fluency
- brain damage due to infection, age-related decline, injury
- sex, immigrant, race, disability performance differences
- keeping the gene pool pure; heredity is everything → IQ scores in 1900s
studies of age and executive functioning
WCST performance maintained through midlife; age-related effects in later adulthood
could be due to changes in the brain
- education can play a role in scores on measures of executive functioning
- videogaming and exergaming can have beneficial effects
cognitive aspects of language
decline and stability; maintaining cognitive dexterity
abilities that contribute to decline
- reading rate
- hearing and speech
- speed
processing time goes down
staying in the moment too long - retrieval
- working memory
slows
paying attention to multiple stimuli
abilities that contribute to stability
- semantic memory; part of long term memory
- “gist” of story
- gestures
- experience
semantic memory; part of long term memory
- reading non-fiction
- staying engaged with diverse people
- traveling
gist of the story
- even if details are forgotten
- listen / read
- open to new stories
- comprehension over response
social aspects of language
- communication predicament model
- bilingualism
communication predicament model
- older adults experience age-related physical changes
- other people (perceivers) infantilize older adults
treating like infants
but may not need the help - leads to cognitive decline
self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotype behaviors begin with perceiving
bilingualism
semantic memory
- longer vocab lists, cultural traditions, meanings
- more experiences
everyday problem solving
- bottom-up vs. top-down problem solving
- attraction effect
- later in life
- everyday problem solving test (EPT)
- trolley problem
problem solving steps
- addresses situation
- recognizing problem
- cultural knowledge needed
- realization of moving surfaces - decide end state
- spatial intelligence
- colors
- multistep - transform
- remember goal
- figure out appropriate steps
bottom-up vs. top-down problem solving
- college students are at a bottom-up perspective
- professors use a top-down perspective to design a course
attraction effect
- people are more likely to chose the middle option
- major revenue increases
problem-solving later in life
more experiences lead to heuristics
- shortcuts
everyday problem solving test (EPT)
- the conundrum of choice
- choosing shampoo in US after living in Germany
- becomes harder with age
the trolley problem
- no answer
- based on starting assumptions
- not actively making the choice to kill someone
