Ch. 2 Models of Development Flashcards
developmental science
emerged in the 1960s to promote a more integrative, life-span view of individual growth and change
evolution of development
covers the whole lifespan
- systematic effects of multiple influences on development
- study of typical rules
contextual influences
VERY important
i.e., socioeconomic status, parenting style, zip code a person lives in, pollution
DEPENDS on
- multiple intersecting factors impact change
theory of evolution
1859
- believed heredity influenced everything
- very little exposure to environment
- parents provided basic needs –> genes would do the rest
behaviorism
1900s; John B. Waston
- theorized that learning is a function of change in behavior→ behaviors are learned not inherited
- origin of fear, love and phobias
niche-picking
the proposal that genetic and environmental factors work together to influence the direction of a child’s life
ex. tiny tot sports
- becomes part of one’s daily routine
organismic model
assess the initial cognitive level of a person
ex. individually looking at each student in a classroom
- prevents current choices, future mindset
mechanistic model
looking at the environment of situation
ex. a third grade classroom
interactionist model
everyone is serving at a baseline but still makes observations to become oriented with a population in order to structure the future plan
ex. looking at classroom environment and performance level of all students
plasticity
engaging in mental and physical activity → maintaining one’s abilities
ex. toddlers starting to walk, playing an instrument
- only the survivors grow old; avoiding risks
reciprocity
we influence (and are influenced by) the people around us
- interactionist model
- give and take process
ecological perspective
identifies multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individual over time
- Bronfenbrenner’s Model
chronosystem
passage of time
microsystem
the setting in which people have their daily interactions and which therefore have the most direct impact on their live
- family, peers, school
mesosystem
realm of the environment in which interactions take place among two or more microsystem
exosystem
the environments that people do not closely experience on a regular basis but that impact them nevertheless
- industry and social services
macrosystem
larger social institutions ranging from a country’s economy to its laws and social norms
- attitudes and ideologies of culture
life course perspective
norms, roles, and attitudes about age have an impact on the shape of each person’s life
application of ecological model
locations with different incomes affect the life expectancy
- socioeconomic status affects outcomes and relationships
direct biological
increase in levels of cortisol, unchecked inflammation, disrupted sleep
indirect mediated
leads to unhealthy behaviors to cope → will affect biological changes
- smoking, drug use, alcoholism
social clock
the expectations for the ages at which a society associates with major life events
- graduating HS, getting married, having kids
activity theory
well-being depends on staying active
disengagement theory
…depends on becoming disengaged
- remove ourselves that remind us of having a meaningful career, conversations or relationships
continuity theory
…depends on maintaining prior activity levels
- engage at some level
ageism
a set of beliefs, attitudes, social institutions, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups based on their chronological age
terror management theory
fear of mortality leads to distancing from older adults
- distance from negative feelings or thoughts
- psychologically distancing from older adults
modernization hypothesis
older adults become obsolete in industrialized societies
- younger people view them as obsolete
- older population is a drain on the economy
multiple jeopardy hypothesis
fitting into more than one discriminated against category means one is affected by all of them
inoculation hypothesis
older minorities and women may develop “immunity” due to exposure
- data supports this hypothesis
- forming boundaries
erikson’s psychosocial theory
proposes that at certain points in life, biological, psychological, and social changes come together to influence the individual’s personality
identity vs. identity diffusion
who are we, what defines us; goal of having a coherent sense of self but in pursuit of common goals that may lack direction
- select environmental factors that will help reach goals
intimacy vs. isolation
populate beliefs about what these relationships, value of them, and role within them for the individual; or not making the commitments
generativity vs. stagnation
in career phase, contributing something; concern for new generations, younger people
- or wonder what we are doing
ego integrity vs. dispair
at some point, realization of positive elements and negative elements of one self and are all value, forgive ourselves for past mistakes; acceptance of own mortality that brings peace
piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
set of underlying processes that allow us to achieve understanding and mastery of the physical world
schemas
mental structures we use to understand the world; cognitive prototypes
i.e., we know that things that work for a long time do not always work for current situations
assimilation
change interpretation of reality to fit current schemas
accommodation
change schemas in response to new info
identity process theory
proposes that identity continues to change in adulthood in a dynamic manner
- physical self, cognitive self, personality, social roles
identity assimilation
resist changing identities in the face of disconfirming experiences (preserves positive view of self)
ex. Botox procedures
identity accommodation
change identities in response to disconfirming evidence
- challenge their current view of themselves
multiple threshold model
brings with it the potential for another threshold to be crossed
ex. getting Botox until 40, then getting bone test, and realizing losing the vital mineral
selective optimization with compensation model
adults attempt to preserve and maximize the abilities that are of central importance and put less effort into maintaining those that are not
- focus on some areas and forget some others
genome
the complete set of instructions for “building” all the cells that make up an organism
DNA
a molecule capable of replicating itself that encodes information needed to produce proteins
gene
a functional unit of a DNA molecule carrying a particular set of instructions for producing one of those proteins
chromosome
distinct, physically separate units of coiled threads of DNA and associated protein molecules
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
small genetic variation that can occur in a person’s DNA sequence in which one nucleotide is substituted for another
genome-wide association study
a method used in behavior genetics in which researchers search for genetic variations related to complex diseases by scanning the entire genome
- figure out region of human genome that is responsible for genetic disease
genome-wide linkage study
researchers study the families of people with specific psychological traits or disorders.
programmed aging theories
propose that aging and death are built into the hard-wiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code
- born, reproduce, age-related declines, death
telomeres
repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes
- protect the chromosomes from the damage to them that accumulates over repeated cell replications
