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Adult Development > Ch. 2 Models of Development > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Models of Development Flashcards

1
Q

developmental science

A

emerged in the 1960s to promote a more integrative, life-span view of individual growth and change

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2
Q

evolution of development

A

covers the whole lifespan
- systematic effects of multiple influences on development
- study of typical rules

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3
Q

contextual influences

A

VERY important
i.e., socioeconomic status, parenting style, zip code a person lives in, pollution
DEPENDS on
- multiple intersecting factors impact change

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4
Q

theory of evolution

A

1859
- believed heredity influenced everything
- very little exposure to environment
- parents provided basic needs –> genes would do the rest

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5
Q

behaviorism

A

1900s; John B. Waston
- theorized that learning is a function of change in behavior→ behaviors are learned not inherited
- origin of fear, love and phobias

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6
Q

niche-picking

A

the proposal that genetic and environmental factors work together to influence the direction of a child’s life
ex. tiny tot sports
- becomes part of one’s daily routine

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7
Q

organismic model

A

assess the initial cognitive level of a person
ex. individually looking at each student in a classroom
- prevents current choices, future mindset

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8
Q

mechanistic model

A

looking at the environment of situation
ex. a third grade classroom

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9
Q

interactionist model

A

everyone is serving at a baseline but still makes observations to become oriented with a population in order to structure the future plan
ex. looking at classroom environment and performance level of all students

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10
Q

plasticity

A

engaging in mental and physical activity → maintaining one’s abilities
ex. toddlers starting to walk, playing an instrument
- only the survivors grow old; avoiding risks

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11
Q

reciprocity

A

we influence (and are influenced by) the people around us
- interactionist model
- give and take process

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12
Q

ecological perspective

A

identifies multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individual over time
- Bronfenbrenner’s Model

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13
Q

chronosystem

A

passage of time

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14
Q

microsystem

A

the setting in which people have their daily interactions and which therefore have the most direct impact on their live
- family, peers, school

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15
Q

mesosystem

A

realm of the environment in which interactions take place among two or more microsystem

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16
Q

exosystem

A

the environments that people do not closely experience on a regular basis but that impact them nevertheless
- industry and social services

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17
Q

macrosystem

A

larger social institutions ranging from a country’s economy to its laws and social norms
- attitudes and ideologies of culture

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18
Q

life course perspective

A

norms, roles, and attitudes about age have an impact on the shape of each person’s life

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19
Q

application of ecological model

A

locations with different incomes affect the life expectancy
- socioeconomic status affects outcomes and relationships

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20
Q

direct biological

A

increase in levels of cortisol, unchecked inflammation, disrupted sleep

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21
Q

indirect mediated

A

leads to unhealthy behaviors to cope → will affect biological changes
- smoking, drug use, alcoholism

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22
Q

social clock

A

the expectations for the ages at which a society associates with major life events
- graduating HS, getting married, having kids

23
Q

activity theory

A

well-being depends on staying active

24
Q

disengagement theory

A

…depends on becoming disengaged
- remove ourselves that remind us of having a meaningful career, conversations or relationships

25
Q

continuity theory

A

…depends on maintaining prior activity levels
- engage at some level

26
Q

ageism

A

a set of beliefs, attitudes, social institutions, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups based on their chronological age

27
Q

terror management theory

A

fear of mortality leads to distancing from older adults
- distance from negative feelings or thoughts
- psychologically distancing from older adults

28
Q

modernization hypothesis

A

older adults become obsolete in industrialized societies
- younger people view them as obsolete
- older population is a drain on the economy

29
Q

multiple jeopardy hypothesis

A

fitting into more than one discriminated against category means one is affected by all of them

30
Q

inoculation hypothesis

A

older minorities and women may develop “immunity” due to exposure
- data supports this hypothesis
- forming boundaries

31
Q

erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

proposes that at certain points in life, biological, psychological, and social changes come together to influence the individual’s personality

32
Q

identity vs. identity diffusion

A

who are we, what defines us; goal of having a coherent sense of self but in pursuit of common goals that may lack direction
- select environmental factors that will help reach goals

33
Q

intimacy vs. isolation

A

populate beliefs about what these relationships, value of them, and role within them for the individual; or not making the commitments

34
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

in career phase, contributing something; concern for new generations, younger people
- or wonder what we are doing

35
Q

ego integrity vs. dispair

A

at some point, realization of positive elements and negative elements of one self and are all value, forgive ourselves for past mistakes; acceptance of own mortality that brings peace

36
Q

piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory

A

set of underlying processes that allow us to achieve understanding and mastery of the physical world

37
Q

schemas

A

mental structures we use to understand the world; cognitive prototypes
i.e., we know that things that work for a long time do not always work for current situations

38
Q

assimilation

A

change interpretation of reality to fit current schemas

39
Q

accommodation

A

change schemas in response to new info

40
Q

identity process theory

A

proposes that identity continues to change in adulthood in a dynamic manner
- physical self, cognitive self, personality, social roles

41
Q

identity assimilation

A

resist changing identities in the face of disconfirming experiences (preserves positive view of self)
ex. Botox procedures

42
Q

identity accommodation

A

change identities in response to disconfirming evidence
- challenge their current view of themselves

43
Q

multiple threshold model

A

brings with it the potential for another threshold to be crossed
ex. getting Botox until 40, then getting bone test, and realizing losing the vital mineral

44
Q

selective optimization with compensation model

A

adults attempt to preserve and maximize the abilities that are of central importance and put less effort into maintaining those that are not
- focus on some areas and forget some others

45
Q

genome

A

the complete set of instructions for “building” all the cells that make up an organism

46
Q

DNA

A

a molecule capable of replicating itself that encodes information needed to produce proteins

47
Q

gene

A

a functional unit of a DNA molecule carrying a particular set of instructions for producing one of those proteins

48
Q

chromosome

A

distinct, physically separate units of coiled threads of DNA and associated protein molecules

49
Q

single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

small genetic variation that can occur in a person’s DNA sequence in which one nucleotide is substituted for another

50
Q

genome-wide association study

A

a method used in behavior genetics in which researchers search for genetic variations related to complex diseases by scanning the entire genome
- figure out region of human genome that is responsible for genetic disease

51
Q

genome-wide linkage study

A

researchers study the families of people with specific psychological traits or disorders.

52
Q

programmed aging theories

A

propose that aging and death are built into the hard-wiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code
- born, reproduce, age-related declines, death

53
Q

telomeres

A

repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes
- protect the chromosomes from the damage to them that accumulates over repeated cell replications

Adult Development (7 decks)

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