Ch. 4 Physical Changes Flashcards
Appearance
- skin and hair
- they affect our identity → continuity principle
- interactionist model
behavior then mobility
medicine may actually be hurting people
age changes in skin
- biopsychosocial perspective: psychical change is being affected by social factors
- skin starts to change as early as 20 in face and hands
- dermis level gets thinner, subcutaneous fat changes
- collagen and elastic decrease
- appearance of wrinkles, cellulite, sagging
photoaging
- sun exposure over time
- changes in the collagen and elastic molecules that contribute to wrinkling and sagging
areas of discoloration - wear sunscreen on your faces –DAILY
hands
- skin and nails
- bones become more pronounced
- changes in nail beds
- age spots
bone changes in face
- bone loss occurs
- lose bone structure in jaw
- noses become more pronounced
- ears begin to look bigger
teeth
- lose enamel
- keeping teeth is a major health outcome
eyes
- crows feet
- pigment in iris changes
- puffiness in under eye area
hair
- graying and thinning
- male balding
- waning of wax changes
body build
- lose some height → vertebrae start to collapse
- lose lean muscle → 25 at peak muscle mass and at 40 decline starts
- lose weight due to muscle decline
- BMI Calculations
BMI calculations
- obesity risks muscle loss, joint loss
- determines insurance coverage, surgery
exercise recommendations for body build
aerobic exercise
- 150 minutes of moderate activity per week
- 10 minutes or more for each session
resistance
- each major muscle group 2-3 days per week
- 2-4 sets of each exercise
mobility changes
muscles, bones, joints
changes in muscle mass (Sarcopenia)
- 30% of muscle mass over a lifetime
- fat tissue starts growing around muscle
- obesity and in-activity: type II diabetes
- less resilient to stressors → frailty
- endocrine organ improves parts of brain like hippocampus
- exercise → physical activity
- speed and strength are affected
- contraction issues disrupted by signals
Sarcopenia therapy
myostatin disruption
bone loss
- estrogen is vital to bone loss
women are affected more due to menopause - osteoporosis
bone thinning
hard to tell you have it
bone density scan
bisphosphonates, calcitonin - calcium and sunlight
- continually remodel but slows down and porosity increases
minimize bone loss
- protein (eggs, quinoa, cottage cheese, tuna, oats)
- calcium (almonds, kale, broccoli, cheese, tofu, sesame seed)
- vitamin D (milk + SUNLIGHT)
- magnesium (bananas)
- certain nuts (Brazil nuts, walnuts)
- potatoes
- carotenoids (carrots, squash, apricots)
joints
- absorbing force; constant impact
- reticular cartilage deteriorates
- fiber becomes less pliable
- hyaluronic acid (HA) is a necessary protein to help with joint functioning
- work station damage
best exercise for reducing joint damage
- yoga
- pilates
- resistance training
- stretching
much harder to find ways to help
age-related changes to the heart
- decreased heart rates: arrhythmias
- fibrosis
- hypertrophy
changes in aerobic capacity
- varies by age
30s-40s: 3-6% loss per decade
70s +: 20% loss per decade - less decline in exercisers, especially those that start in young adulthood
- may reduce blood pressure, hypertension
- mitigate amount of loss
types of cholesterol
- low-density: transports cholesterol to the arteries
- high-density: transports cholesterol out of the body
- triglycerides: amount of fat in body’s cells
respiratory system
- reduced efficiency; lifetime of breathing
- may have been introduced to a lot of toxins due to lifestyle changes
- change in lung age
lung age
- perspective of smokers; reduced lung function
- rapid and steep decline of function
urinary system
- aging kidneys
- nephrons: highly vascularized
clean blood of waste - can result in age-related urinary continence
incontinence in women
- poorer health
- decreased mobility
- current use of hormone replacement therapy
- being overweight
- history of falls
- heart disease
- kigel therapy exercise
contributors to malnutrition in older adults
- decreases in salivary production
- changes in jaw → chewing difficulty
- esophagus is less effective
- few gastric juices in the stomach
- social events
- depression: death of close relationships
- loss of mobility
- establishment of meal times
bodily control systems
- cortical
- subcortical
- control centers
- thyroid
- pineal gland
cortical
planning, sensory processing, decision making, impulse control
subcortical
managing hormone system, sleep, metabolism, arousal, energy, emotion
- stress can dysregulated normal, autonomic stress response → will affect endocrine system
control centers
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland
- GH: leads to bone, muscle, and internal organ functions
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
lead to metabolic changes - IGF-1: stimulate muscle cells to increase in number
somatotropic axis
- activity declines
- somatopause of aging
- changes in body composition
hypothalamus
cortisol: energizes body in response to stress
- aging increases the production of stress hormones like toxic stress
- adrenal gland produces stress hormone
bursts of release of stress hormones
- involves the hippocampus; memory decline
prevents formation of new neurons and function of neurons
thyroid hormones
changes rate of BMR
pineal gland
- melatonin dysregulated; sleep-wake cycles
not sure of cause - changes in Circadian Rhythm
estrogen replacement therapy
- cardiovascular and bone health
- offsets pain and dryness associated with sexual activity
- 2002: warnings of increased risk of blood clots and cancer
- 2015: UK report documenting extensive risks/benefits
immune senescence
factors affecting it:
- zinc and protein intake
- obesity
- exercise
- stress
nervous system
central nervous system, sleep, temperature control
differences in number of known languages
monolingual: frontal
bilingual: frontal, parietal, temporal
white matter hyperintensities
-related to brain atrophy and cognitive function
- exact role in normal aging and disease is unclear
healthy sleep habits for older adults
- avoid sedentary lifestyle
- exercise early in the day
- do not nap during the day
- avoid reading late at night on e-readers or mobile devices
- manage depression and anxiety
extreme heat
- extreme heat events or heat waves are a leading cause of extreme weather-related deaths in the US
- who’s at risk?
adults over 65
children under 4
people with existing medical problems: - heart disease
people without air conditioning
sensation and perception
vision, hearing, balance, smell and taste, somatosensation
presbyopia
- lens ages and stiffens
- brings focal point behind the retina
leads to blurry vision
cataracts
clouded lens
ARMD
- 8% Adults 40-85
- 4th leading cause of blindness worldwide
- prevention: Beta Carotene, blue light/UV light protection
communication strategies for hearing loss
- look while speaking to them
- minimize background noise
- do not chew gum while talking
- keep voice pitch low
- do not talk as if they are not there or like they are a child
- provide context
- remain positive and patient
fall prevention strategies
- exercise
- eyeglasses
- prosthetic aids
- shower chair / bath bench
- sit while grooming
- sturdy step stools
- cell phone handy
- stability training
chemical senses
taste, smell, somatosensation
taste
- poorest taste for sour and bitter
- most enjoyment of sweet and salty
smell
- some dysfunction
13% 60-69
39% 80+ - trouble detecting
somatosensation
- touch sensitivity due to changes in skin receptors
- chronic back pain can result from osteoarthritis
