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Adult Development > Ch. 4 Physical Changes > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Physical Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Appearance

A
  • skin and hair
  • they affect our identity → continuity principle
  • interactionist model
    behavior then mobility
    medicine may actually be hurting people
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2
Q

age changes in skin

A
  • biopsychosocial perspective: psychical change is being affected by social factors
  • skin starts to change as early as 20 in face and hands
  • dermis level gets thinner, subcutaneous fat changes
  • collagen and elastic decrease
  • appearance of wrinkles, cellulite, sagging
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3
Q

photoaging

A
  • sun exposure over time
  • changes in the collagen and elastic molecules that contribute to wrinkling and sagging
    areas of discoloration
  • wear sunscreen on your faces –DAILY
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4
Q

hands

A
  • skin and nails
  • bones become more pronounced
  • changes in nail beds
  • age spots
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5
Q

bone changes in face

A
  • bone loss occurs
  • lose bone structure in jaw
  • noses become more pronounced
  • ears begin to look bigger
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6
Q

teeth

A
  • lose enamel
  • keeping teeth is a major health outcome
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7
Q

eyes

A
  • crows feet
  • pigment in iris changes
  • puffiness in under eye area
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8
Q

hair

A
  • graying and thinning
  • male balding
  • waning of wax changes
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9
Q

body build

A
  • lose some height → vertebrae start to collapse
  • lose lean muscle → 25 at peak muscle mass and at 40 decline starts
  • lose weight due to muscle decline
  • BMI Calculations
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10
Q

BMI calculations

A
  • obesity risks muscle loss, joint loss
  • determines insurance coverage, surgery
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11
Q

exercise recommendations for body build

A

aerobic exercise
- 150 minutes of moderate activity per week
- 10 minutes or more for each session
resistance
- each major muscle group 2-3 days per week
- 2-4 sets of each exercise

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12
Q

mobility changes

A

muscles, bones, joints

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13
Q

changes in muscle mass (Sarcopenia)

A
  • 30% of muscle mass over a lifetime
  • fat tissue starts growing around muscle
  • obesity and in-activity: type II diabetes
  • less resilient to stressors → frailty
  • endocrine organ improves parts of brain like hippocampus
  • exercise → physical activity
  • speed and strength are affected
  • contraction issues disrupted by signals
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14
Q

Sarcopenia therapy

A

myostatin disruption

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15
Q

bone loss

A
  • estrogen is vital to bone loss
    women are affected more due to menopause
  • osteoporosis
    bone thinning
    hard to tell you have it
    bone density scan
    bisphosphonates, calcitonin
  • calcium and sunlight
  • continually remodel but slows down and porosity increases
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16
Q

minimize bone loss

A
  • protein (eggs, quinoa, cottage cheese, tuna, oats)
  • calcium (almonds, kale, broccoli, cheese, tofu, sesame seed)
  • vitamin D (milk + SUNLIGHT)
  • magnesium (bananas)
  • certain nuts (Brazil nuts, walnuts)
  • potatoes
  • carotenoids (carrots, squash, apricots)
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17
Q

joints

A
  • absorbing force; constant impact
  • reticular cartilage deteriorates
  • fiber becomes less pliable
  • hyaluronic acid (HA) is a necessary protein to help with joint functioning
  • work station damage
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18
Q

best exercise for reducing joint damage

A
  • yoga
  • pilates
  • resistance training
  • stretching
    much harder to find ways to help
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19
Q

age-related changes to the heart

A
  • decreased heart rates: arrhythmias
  • fibrosis
  • hypertrophy
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20
Q

changes in aerobic capacity

A
  • varies by age
    30s-40s: 3-6% loss per decade
    70s +: 20% loss per decade
  • less decline in exercisers, especially those that start in young adulthood
  • may reduce blood pressure, hypertension
  • mitigate amount of loss
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21
Q

types of cholesterol

A
  • low-density: transports cholesterol to the arteries
  • high-density: transports cholesterol out of the body
  • triglycerides: amount of fat in body’s cells
22
Q

respiratory system

A
  • reduced efficiency; lifetime of breathing
  • may have been introduced to a lot of toxins due to lifestyle changes
  • change in lung age
23
Q

lung age

A
  • perspective of smokers; reduced lung function
  • rapid and steep decline of function
24
Q

urinary system

A
  • aging kidneys
  • nephrons: highly vascularized
    clean blood of waste
  • can result in age-related urinary continence
25
Q

incontinence in women

A
  • poorer health
  • decreased mobility
  • current use of hormone replacement therapy
  • being overweight
  • history of falls
  • heart disease
  • kigel therapy exercise
26
Q

contributors to malnutrition in older adults

A
  • decreases in salivary production
  • changes in jaw → chewing difficulty
  • esophagus is less effective
  • few gastric juices in the stomach
  • social events
  • depression: death of close relationships
  • loss of mobility
  • establishment of meal times
27
Q

bodily control systems

A
  • cortical
  • subcortical
  • control centers
  • thyroid
  • pineal gland
28
Q

cortical

A

planning, sensory processing, decision making, impulse control

29
Q

subcortical

A

managing hormone system, sleep, metabolism, arousal, energy, emotion
- stress can dysregulated normal, autonomic stress response → will affect endocrine system

30
Q

control centers

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

31
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A
  • GH: leads to bone, muscle, and internal organ functions
    proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
    lead to metabolic changes
  • IGF-1: stimulate muscle cells to increase in number
32
Q

somatotropic axis

A
  • activity declines
  • somatopause of aging
  • changes in body composition
33
Q

hypothalamus

A

cortisol: energizes body in response to stress
- aging increases the production of stress hormones like toxic stress
- adrenal gland produces stress hormone
bursts of release of stress hormones
- involves the hippocampus; memory decline
prevents formation of new neurons and function of neurons

34
Q

thyroid hormones

A

changes rate of BMR

35
Q

pineal gland

A
  • melatonin dysregulated; sleep-wake cycles
    not sure of cause
  • changes in Circadian Rhythm
36
Q

estrogen replacement therapy

A
  • cardiovascular and bone health
  • offsets pain and dryness associated with sexual activity
  • 2002: warnings of increased risk of blood clots and cancer
  • 2015: UK report documenting extensive risks/benefits
37
Q

immune senescence

A

factors affecting it:
- zinc and protein intake
- obesity
- exercise
- stress

38
Q

nervous system

A

central nervous system, sleep, temperature control

39
Q

differences in number of known languages

A

monolingual: frontal
bilingual: frontal, parietal, temporal

40
Q

white matter hyperintensities

A

-related to brain atrophy and cognitive function
- exact role in normal aging and disease is unclear

41
Q

healthy sleep habits for older adults

A
  • avoid sedentary lifestyle
  • exercise early in the day
  • do not nap during the day
  • avoid reading late at night on e-readers or mobile devices
  • manage depression and anxiety
42
Q

extreme heat

A
  • extreme heat events or heat waves are a leading cause of extreme weather-related deaths in the US
  • who’s at risk?
    adults over 65
    children under 4
    people with existing medical problems:
  • heart disease
    people without air conditioning
43
Q

sensation and perception

A

vision, hearing, balance, smell and taste, somatosensation

44
Q

presbyopia

A
  • lens ages and stiffens
  • brings focal point behind the retina
    leads to blurry vision
45
Q

cataracts

A

clouded lens

46
Q

ARMD

A
  • 8% Adults 40-85
  • 4th leading cause of blindness worldwide
  • prevention: Beta Carotene, blue light/UV light protection
47
Q

communication strategies for hearing loss

A
  • look while speaking to them
  • minimize background noise
  • do not chew gum while talking
  • keep voice pitch low
  • do not talk as if they are not there or like they are a child
  • provide context
  • remain positive and patient
48
Q

fall prevention strategies

A
  • exercise
  • eyeglasses
  • prosthetic aids
  • shower chair / bath bench
  • sit while grooming
  • sturdy step stools
  • cell phone handy
  • stability training
49
Q

chemical senses

A

taste, smell, somatosensation

50
Q

taste

A
  • poorest taste for sour and bitter
  • most enjoyment of sweet and salty
51
Q

smell

A
  • some dysfunction
    13% 60-69
    39% 80+
  • trouble detecting
52
Q

somatosensation

A
  • touch sensitivity due to changes in skin receptors
  • chronic back pain can result from osteoarthritis

Adult Development (7 decks)

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