Ch. 5 Health and Prevention

Question 1

activities of daily life (ADL)

Answer 1

basic behaviors for individuals to be successfully independent at home:
- eating
- transferring
- movement from different locations; bed to chair; chair to toilet
- bathing
- toileting
- dressing

Question 2

instrumental activities of daily life (IADL)

Answer 2

supported from basic activities:
- use of telephone
- shopping
- preparing meals
- housekeeping
- laundry
- transportation (private/public)
Take medications
Handle finances

Question 3

risk factors of secondary aging

Answer 3

• at risk for multiple negative outcomes
  associated with ¾ outcomes: not alcohol use
• tobacco use
• alcohol use
• unhealthy diet
  -sedentary lifestyle
• obesity

Question 4

chronic diseases of secondary aging

Answer 4

• cancer
• cardiovascular disease
• diabetes
  -chronic lung disease

Question 5

diseases of the cardiovascular system

Answer 5

• cardiac and cerebrovascular
• prevention of heart disease and stroke

Question 6

cardiovascular system: rates of physical activity

Answer 6

normative data taken from large groups of people that are averaged for broad population
- rates of inactivity:
50-64 years old: 25%
65-74 years old: 27%
75+ years old: 35%
- inactivity among the college educated: 14%

Question 7

high blood pressure

Answer 7

• regular activity is important to cardiovascular system
• want to avoid HBP
• could be a decrease in the effectiveness
• enlarged heart = heart failure
  drug use
• atherosclerosis affects the flow of the blood to the heart
  plaque build up
  increases blood pressure

Question 8

buildup of plaque → coronary heart disease

Answer 8

• the progression of the plaque buildup
• gradually become more restrictive with blood flow
• eventually cut off blood flow completely

Question 9

strokes

Answer 9

• cerebrovascular
• seek medical attention ASAP
• begin with blood cut; deprives brain of oxygen
• production of glutamate
• results in cascade of too many sodium ions → tissue death of neurons/neural connections
• some tissue death can be mitigated
• form in brain or travel from somewhere in the body

Question 10

metabolic syndrome

Answer 10

3 out of 5 factors needed:
- high blood sugar
- high blood pressure
- low “HDL” (good) cholesterol
- high triglycerides
- excess fat around the waist

Question 11

cancer rates

Answer 11

• men and women experience about the same number of cases and deaths
• increases really start to show in ages 45-54

Question 12

cancer & weight

Answer 12

• metabolic issues
• obesity is a health risk for many types of cancer
• physiological not effectively using our blood oxygen, not physically using heart
• correlational

Question 13

forms of cancer treatment

Answer 13

• radiation
• chemotherapy
• surgery
• targeted drug therapies

Question 14

radiation

Answer 14

• extremely vicious
• eliminate cancer cells
• cannot distinguish healthy cells from cancerous

Question 15

surgery

Answer 15

ruled out if there are METS

Question 16

targeted drug therapies

Answer 16

targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread

Question 17

diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 17

• osteoarthritis
• osteoporosis
• bone thinning; losing bone density

Question 18

a joint with severe osteoarthritis

Answer 18

• worn away cartilage; a surface to move on
  bone friction
• affects cartilage and ligaments

Question 19

osteoarthritis risk factors

Answer 19

• impact and repeated use of joints
• being overweight / obese
  especially affects lower joints
  men
  pregnant women

Question 20

osteoarthritis treatment

Answer 20

• OTC pain medications
• exercise geared to ability → walking, mobility; focus movements and joints
• injection into joints → invasive procedures are risky
  sports injuries; injection of fluid
• replacements
  knee & hip

Question 21

osteoporosis

Answer 21

• bones become porous → more brittle
• hunched over look
• spinal mobility

Question 22

osteoporosis risk factors

Answer 22

• postmenopausal status
• white females
• excessive alcohol use
• cigarette smoking
• diets low in calcium, protein, minerals, vitamins
• sedentary lifestyle

Question 23

osteoporosis treatment

Answer 23

• medications (have risks)
• dietary silicon
• prevention through weight-bearing exercise

Question 24

diabetes & the pancreas

Answer 24

• insulin moves into glucose cell
• cells don’t respond properly; glucose accumulates
• treatment involves insulin, dietary changes, exercise
• glucose cannot be metabolized

Question 25

types of diabetes

Answer 25

- type I: genetic - type II: manifests; responsive to lifestyle patterns - gestational: pregnancy

Question 26

respiratory diseases

Answer 26

- not everyone has access to clean air - COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease healthy bronchial tubes are open and are well-respirated tubes become restricted and inflamed with excess mucus

Question 27

neurocognitive disorders

Answer 27

- diagnostic criteria - could have 1 or several: memory loss aphasia apraxia agnosia social cognition disturbances in executive functioning

Question 28

aphasia

Answer 28

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage

Question 29

apraxia

Answer 29

loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them

Question 30

agnosia

Answer 30

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage.

Question 31

alzhiemer's disease: age 30

Answer 31

- amyloid plaque diagnosis - found during autopsies; no biological evidence

Question 32

alzhiemer's disease: age 55

Answer 32

- MCI: Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment - precursor

Question 33

alzhiemer's disease: age 70

Answer 33

- after AD diagnosis, cognitive decline - forget how to swallow

Question 34

normal aging memory issues

Answer 34

- making a bad decision once in a while - missing a monthly payment - forgetting which day it is…but remembering! - sometimes forgetting which word to use - losing things from time to time

Question 35

alzhiemer's disease memory issues

Answer 35

- making poor judgements and decisions a lot of the time - consistent problem with keeping track of bills - losing track of date or time of year - difficulty with normal conversation - misplacing things often and being unable to find them

Question 36

normal APP cleavage

Answer 36

occurs when it is snipped by a-secretase, releasing a neuroprotective fragment with snipped APP

Question 37

formation of amyloid plaque cleavage

Answer 37

the snipping by b-secretase and y-secretase results in abormal cleavage and production of plaques

Question 38

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 38

formed when tau disintegrates leading microtubules to become twisted and tangled

Question 39

genetic theories of alzhiemer's disease

Answer 39

- early onset cases → discovery of potential genetic causes - ApoE gene implicated in plaques

Question 40

protective factors of alzhiemer's disease

Answer 40

- mental activity - social support and active socialization - physical exercise - mediterranean diet → avoiding America diet - limited alcohol

Question 41

medical treatments for AD

Answer 41

Anticholinesterase - THA (tacrine) - Donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) - Galantamine (Rasadyne) - Rivastigmine (Exelon) Glutamate - Memantine

Question 42

other neurocognitive disorders

Answer 42

- vascular neurocognitive disorder (multi-infarct dementia) - frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

Question 43

reversible neurocognitive disorders

Answer 43

- normal pressure hydrocephalus - subdural hematoma - delirium - polypharmacy - wernicke’s disease (can progress to Korsakoff syndrome)