Ch. 5 Health and Prevention Flashcards
activities of daily life (ADL)
basic behaviors for individuals to be successfully independent at home:
- eating
- transferring
- movement from different locations; bed to chair; chair to toilet
- bathing
- toileting
- dressing
instrumental activities of daily life (IADL)
supported from basic activities:
- use of telephone
- shopping
- preparing meals
- housekeeping
- laundry
- transportation (private/public)
Take medications
Handle finances
risk factors of secondary aging
- at risk for multiple negative outcomes
associated with ¾ outcomes: not alcohol use - tobacco use
- alcohol use
- unhealthy diet
-sedentary lifestyle - obesity
chronic diseases of secondary aging
- cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- diabetes
-chronic lung disease
diseases of the cardiovascular system
- cardiac and cerebrovascular
- prevention of heart disease and stroke
cardiovascular system: rates of physical activity
normative data taken from large groups of people that are averaged for broad population
- rates of inactivity:
50-64 years old: 25%
65-74 years old: 27%
75+ years old: 35%
- inactivity among the college educated: 14%
high blood pressure
- regular activity is important to cardiovascular system
- want to avoid HBP
- could be a decrease in the effectiveness
- enlarged heart = heart failure
drug use - atherosclerosis affects the flow of the blood to the heart
plaque build up
increases blood pressure
buildup of plaque → coronary heart disease
- the progression of the plaque buildup
- gradually become more restrictive with blood flow
- eventually cut off blood flow completely
strokes
- cerebrovascular
- seek medical attention ASAP
- begin with blood cut; deprives brain of oxygen
- production of glutamate
- results in cascade of too many sodium ions → tissue death of neurons/neural connections
- some tissue death can be mitigated
- form in brain or travel from somewhere in the body
metabolic syndrome
3 out of 5 factors needed:
- high blood sugar
- high blood pressure
- low “HDL” (good) cholesterol
- high triglycerides
- excess fat around the waist
cancer rates
- men and women experience about the same number of cases and deaths
- increases really start to show in ages 45-54
cancer & weight
- metabolic issues
- obesity is a health risk for many types of cancer
- physiological not effectively using our blood oxygen, not physically using heart
- correlational
forms of cancer treatment
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- surgery
- targeted drug therapies
radiation
- extremely vicious
- eliminate cancer cells
- cannot distinguish healthy cells from cancerous
surgery
ruled out if there are METS
targeted drug therapies
targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread
diseases of the musculoskeletal system
- osteoarthritis
- osteoporosis
- bone thinning; losing bone density
a joint with severe osteoarthritis
- worn away cartilage; a surface to move on
bone friction - affects cartilage and ligaments
osteoarthritis risk factors
- impact and repeated use of joints
- being overweight / obese
especially affects lower joints
men
pregnant women
osteoarthritis treatment
- OTC pain medications
- exercise geared to ability → walking, mobility; focus movements and joints
- injection into joints → invasive procedures are risky
sports injuries; injection of fluid - replacements
knee & hip
osteoporosis
- bones become porous → more brittle
- hunched over look
- spinal mobility
osteoporosis risk factors
- postmenopausal status
- white females
- excessive alcohol use
- cigarette smoking
- diets low in calcium, protein, minerals, vitamins
- sedentary lifestyle
osteoporosis treatment
- medications (have risks)
- dietary silicon
- prevention through weight-bearing exercise
diabetes & the pancreas
- insulin moves into glucose cell
- cells don’t respond properly; glucose accumulates
- treatment involves insulin, dietary changes, exercise
- glucose cannot be metabolized
types of diabetes
- type I: genetic
- type II: manifests; responsive to lifestyle patterns
- gestational: pregnancy
respiratory diseases
- not everyone has access to clean air
- COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
healthy bronchial tubes are open and are well-respirated
tubes become restricted and inflamed with excess mucus
neurocognitive disorders
- diagnostic criteria
- could have 1 or several:
memory loss
aphasia
apraxia
agnosia
social cognition
disturbances in executive functioning
aphasia
loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage
apraxia
loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them
agnosia
inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage.
alzhiemer’s disease: age 30
- amyloid plaque diagnosis
- found during autopsies; no biological evidence
alzhiemer’s disease: age 55
- MCI: Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
- precursor
alzhiemer’s disease: age 70
- after AD diagnosis, cognitive decline
- forget how to swallow
normal aging memory issues
- making a bad decision once in a while
- missing a monthly payment
- forgetting which day it is…but remembering!
- sometimes forgetting which word to use
- losing things from time to time
alzhiemer’s disease memory issues
- making poor judgements and decisions a lot of the time
- consistent problem with keeping track of bills
- losing track of date or time of year
- difficulty with normal conversation
- misplacing things often and being unable to find them
normal APP cleavage
occurs when it is snipped by a-secretase, releasing a neuroprotective fragment with snipped APP
formation of amyloid plaque cleavage
the snipping by b-secretase and y-secretase results in abormal cleavage and production of plaques
neurofibrillary tangles
formed when tau disintegrates leading microtubules to become twisted and tangled
genetic theories of alzhiemer’s disease
- early onset cases → discovery of potential genetic causes
- ApoE gene implicated in plaques
protective factors of alzhiemer’s disease
- mental activity
- social support and active socialization
- physical exercise
- mediterranean diet → avoiding America diet
- limited alcohol
medical treatments for AD
Anticholinesterase
- THA (tacrine)
- Donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept)
- Galantamine (Rasadyne)
- Rivastigmine (Exelon)
Glutamate
- Memantine
other neurocognitive disorders
- vascular neurocognitive disorder (multi-infarct dementia)
- frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
reversible neurocognitive disorders
- normal pressure hydrocephalus
- subdural hematoma
- delirium
- polypharmacy
- wernicke’s disease (can progress to Korsakoff syndrome)
