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Adult Development > Ch. 3 Research Methods > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

variable

A

a characteristic that varies from person to person

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

expected to change based on independent; an outcome affected by independent variable(s)

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3
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated in study

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4
Q

experimental design

A

control vs. treatment groups
ex. presence vs. absence of natural light in classrooms
- relatively confident in the inference made

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5
Q

quasi-experimental design

A

researchers compare groups on predetermined characteristics
- cannot use random assignment
ex. age, gender, sex, social class

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6
Q

single factor design

A

studies that catalog information about how people perform based on their age but do not attempt to rule out social or historical factor
- only one variable studied

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7
Q

age

A

number of years a person is on the Earth; chronologic measure

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8
Q

cohort

A

year of birth
ex. technology- Cohort effect
- normative graded influences

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9
Q

time of measurement

A

year of testing
ex. Spring 2023
- presently affecting people
ex. the economy affecting financial security, Spring 2020
- historically graded affects

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10
Q

longitudinal design

A

follows one group of people over time; cohort followed over time
- including at least two time points
- does not tell age differences
- age within group variability
-everyone is averaged into one score
- does not address time of measurement and cohort effects

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11
Q

attrition

A

→ mortality; reason for participant dropping out
- were they different in a fundamental way?
- a design limitation

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12
Q

longitudinal limitation

A

does not take into account for social or historical factors; inability to differentiate changes due to age and the effect of social or historical events

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13
Q

selective attrition

A

people are dropping out of different groups at different times
- averages who have died are no longer there making averages increases
- average becomes the score of the survivors

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14
Q

practice effects

A

scores become better due to practicing

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15
Q

cross-sectional design

A

conducted at a single point in time
- a score for 1960, 1950, 1940 cohorts
- outcome declines with each decade
- don’t know if it is a function of age, time of measure, cohort effect
- most frequent design used → relatively cheap and simple
- take into account environmental factors

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16
Q

sequential design

A

look systematically at age, time of measurement, cohort
- a sequence of studies

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17
Q

cohort sequential design

A

cohorts are compared at different ages
- age and cohort

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18
Q

time sequential design

A

the data are organized by age and time of measurement
- age effects at different times of measurement

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19
Q

cross sequential design

A

cohorts are examined at different times of measurement

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20
Q

correlational design

A

relationships are observed among variables as they exist in the world
- cannot determined cause and effect

21
Q

correlation coefficient

A

indicates direction and strength of relationship
- closer value is to 0 is weaker; closer value is to 1 is stronger
- valence- positive or negative

22
Q

correlation does not

A

equal causation

23
Q

multivariate

A

more than IV, one DV
- allow us to identify a set of predictors that have a statistically significance to the outcome
- how variables work together

24
Q

multiple regression

A

appropriate when there are many factors for one outcome

25
Q

logistic regression

A

allows us to access the likelihood of an individual receiving a yes or no response
- correlational to categorical variables

26
Q

mediation

A

refers to a third variable explaining the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
- cognitive process
- why is something happening?

27
Q

moderation

A

when the effect of the variable depends on the effect of another variable
- under what circumstances does another variable affect another
- the affective age may depend on sex

28
Q

path analysis

A
  • arrows are us telling the program we expect what relationships
  • a specific path wanted to be tested
  • data either fits the model or does not
  • similar to multiple regression by accessing multiple variables at one time
  • difference is it can address relationships between independent variables
29
Q

structural equation modeling

A
  • latent variables- is not independent but comes from responses of other variables
  • can be used with path analysis interchangeably most of the time
  • only has to be done once
30
Q

hierarchical linear modeling

A
  • allows for modeling individual change over time
  • allows us to look at many factors at once
  • larger variables that impact us in the moment
31
Q

qualitative studies

A
  • providing a written response; responding to open-ended questions
  • thinking, saying, and how they are interacting
  • thoughts, feeling, emotions in the language they produce
32
Q

archival research

A
  • gathering data from medical records; it already exists
  • cannot control quality of data
    -records could be partially complete, damaged, not culturally appropriate questions
33
Q

surveys

A
  • allow us to access a lot of people relatively cheaply
  • quantitative and qualitative factors
  • can vary, flexible
  • reach a large amount of people
  • people might not be paying attention, could be confused, answer randomly, lying
34
Q

epidemiological studies

A
  • prevalence of diseases in populations or location
  • public health statistics
  • give connection to origin; rate of transmission
  • prevalence and incidence
35
Q

prevalence

A

estimate of percentage of who ever had symptoms in a given period

36
Q

incidence

A

estimate of percentage who first develop symptoms in a given period
-first time a symptom had arisen
- long covid

37
Q

case reports

A
  • extremely detailed, look at rare cases
  • oliver sacks: beautiful detail of individual cases
  • not really valuable for greater population; will not apply to general population
  • give new information about specific cases
38
Q

focus groups

A
  • qualitative methods, answer questions from facilitator
  • get people to start talking about particular phenomenon
  • useful when we do not have a good understanding of what we are dealing with
39
Q

daily diaries

A
  • used to use beepers
  • when notification was received, had to write down a response
  • allows us to model what individuals do in a specific day
  • access multiple people at multiple times of measurement
  • randomly assign data collection times
  • capture intraindividual difference
40
Q

observational

A
  • what they look like in the real world
  • structured, naturalistic, laboratory
  • possibly to randomly select observations
  • see patterns that would not be seen by another method
41
Q

meta-analysis

A
  • units are not from individual people but from individual studies
  • sample = how many separate studies are reviewed
  • get beyond about what one study suggested but looking at numerous
  • confidence intervals give margin of error for observed effect
  • studies assess the relationship between independent and dependent variables
  • overlap of whiskers share converging findings in other studies
42
Q

reliability

A

yields consistent results every time it is used
- expect similar outcomes

43
Q

test-retest reliability

A

determined by giving the test on two occasions to assess whether respondents receive similar scores across both administrations

44
Q

internal consistency

A

indicates whether respondents answer similarly on comparable items.

45
Q

validity

A

the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

46
Q

content validity

A

an indication of whether a test designed to assess factual material accurately measures that material
ex. breakfast & IQ

47
Q

criterion validity

A

indicates whether a test score accurately predicts performance on an indicator measure, as would be used in a test of vocational ability that claims to predict success on the job

48
Q

construct validity

A

used to assess the extent to which a measure intended to assess a psychological construct is able to do so.

49
Q

ethics in research

A
  • informed consent
  • right to withdraw
  • confidentiality
  • debriefing
    any form of deception
  • suggest resources

Adult Development (7 decks)

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