Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Development > Ch. 6 Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing, Attention, and Memory > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing, Attention, and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

reaction time

A

how many seconds lapse between stimuli onset and reaction to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

attention

A

in a crowded room, what are the processes needed to focus on one aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

brinley plot

A

performance of older adults is plotted against performance by younger adults, revealing that as the task becomes more difficult (requires more time), older adults are disproportionately slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

age-related effects

A
  • driving
  • aware of individual differences
  • walking around young children
  • giving verbal instructions → acknowledging what is said
    online customer service
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

approaches to understanding

A
  • general slowing hypothesis
  • inhibitory deficit model
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

general slowing hypothesis

A

loss of attentional resources → longer time to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

inhibitory deficit model

A

inability to tune out irrelevant information
ex. grocery shopping → remembering where items are with other factors like conversations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stroop task

A
  • group of stimulus words that correspond with color that are presented in the same color font or different color
  • difference: magnitude with age in reaction time
  • very common task testing reaction time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

videogames and attention

A
  • demand quick decisions, response speed, hand-eye coordination, tracking multiple inputs
  • young adults show advantages, but self-reflection plays a role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

research with older adults faces many difficulties with videogames

A
  • best games are not enjoyable
  • programs change
  • software malfunctions
  • hardware malfunctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

older adults prefer:

A
  • sudoku
  • solitaire
  • hearts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

driving and aging

A

stereotypical beliefs about being stuck behind elderly drivers
- slow driving
- petite individual who cannot see over wheel
- two-handed steering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the useful field of view

A
  • decreases with age
  • implications for number of collisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

confusion on the road

A
  • difficult signs
  • require time to perceive and interpret
  • there are some older individuals who do not experience this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

drivers with BACs of 0.8 or higher

A
  • only the survivors grow older
  • may have not drank when younger
  • cannot look at fatal accidents due to them being dead → not just age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

national highway traffic safety

A
  • item word listing = problems with validity
  • able to assess and are accurate in assessment
  • identity affects efficacy
  • problematic measure
  • sex, gender, cultural, geographic differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

steps older adults can take to improve their driving

A
  • exercise to increase strength and flexibility
  • avoid drug-drug interactions
  • vision tests
  • drive during daylight and good weather
  • find safest routes (well-lit streets, arrows at lights, easy parking)
  • plan route before driving
  • leave enough room in front
  • avoid distractions (including food)
  • consider alternatives to driving
18
Q

biopsychosocial model of driving

A
  • bio: mobility, strength, coordination, pain
  • psycho: acuity, night vision, headline glare, anxiety, confusion
  • social: attitudes, availability of transportation
19
Q

rotaries or roundabouts can help reduce accidents

A
  • no stop signs
  • help organize approach
  • low travel speed
  • no light to beat
  • one-way travel
20
Q

working memory

A
  • organizing, coordinating, keeping track of
  • supported through frontal lobes functions and sensory functions
  • theological
21
Q

central executive

A
  • main piece
  • focus attention, organizing so we can use; oversees everything
22
Q

phonological loop

A
  • branches of central executive
    processes spoken language;
  • acoustic store
  • articulatory loop
23
Q

acoustic store

A

how something sounds

24
Q

articulatory loop

A

how something is articulated

25
Q

episodic buffer

A
  • branches of central executive
  • short-term to long-term memory
26
Q

visuo-spatial scratchpad

A
  • branches of central executive
  • mental image of where things are
27
Q

default network

A
  • when processing the scene or monitoring the environment
  • no particular task: red and yellow
  • specific task: blue and green areas of brain
28
Q

working memory task

A
  • over time, letters are displayed
  • ask if letters are seen before and ask how many before
  • audio-visual memory
  • declines significantly with age; primary aging
29
Q

long-term memory

A
  • episodic memory
  • remote memory
  • semantic memory
  • procedural memory
    -implicit memory
30
Q

episodic memory

A
  • impairments in encoding and retrieval
  • depends on integrity of connections in frontal cortex, temporal and parietal lobes, areas of subcortex (thalamus- sensory relay station)
  • age-related changes to white matter (myelinated axons- speed up processing)
31
Q

normal aging of episodic memory

A
  • these structural changes may be compensated by heightened activity in the PFC
  • keep area active
  • scaffolding theory
32
Q

scaffolding memory

A
  • adults can recruit alternate neural circuits
    ex. surgery → open, laparoscopic
  • life course factors
    education, stress, exposure to toxins
33
Q

remote memory

A
  • increasingly difficult to access
  • exception of autobiographical memory → reminiscence bump
    ex. sixth birthday; specific
34
Q

semantic memory

A

facts; no decline in normal aging

35
Q

procedural memory

A

how to start a car

36
Q

implicit memory

A

cultural experiences

37
Q

normal age-related decline in memory changes

A
  • episodic memory
  • source memory
  • false memory
  • retrieval failure
  • prospective memory
38
Q

memory abilities that stay the same

A
  • semantic memory
  • flashbulb memory → super clear from long ago and intensive of particular moment
  • implicit memory
  • procedural memory
39
Q

psychosocial influences on memory

A

stress and depression
- less likely to pay attention
memory self-efficacy
- the more they believe it and less that can be remembered
stereotype threat
- talking very loudly at older adults
- part of central executive job

40
Q

health-related influences on memory

A
  • do not smoke
  • balanced diet
  • aerobic exercise
  • strength training

Adult Development (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions