Ch 7 group influence

Question 1

Group Definition

Answer 1

Two or more people who, For longer than a few moments, Interact and influence one another, And perceive one another as a us

Question 2

Why do we join groups (hint 2 answers)

Answer 2

Evolutionary advantages - People who have a tendency to want to be part of a group are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to generations
Fundamental need to belong (Baumeister and leanory, 1995) argued we need Positive interactions and is stable following that’ll continue in future

Question 3

The painful experience of exclusion from a group and cyber ball Studies

Answer 3

Social rejection
Cyber ball studies - It is up ball toss game, Where the individual is led to believe they’re being excluded by two other people who were passing the ball
-Shows it can people psychologically And mimic the physical experience of pain. Both physical and social pain
-Extroverts don’t feel as much pain and rejection when the ball is not tossed to them

Question 4

Twenge studied social exclusion and self-defeating behaviour

Answer 4

Their hypothesis; People whose social ties are threatened will be willing to engage in behaviour that hat will produce bad outcomes for that

Question 5

Study 1 - Twenge

Answer 5

Participants filled out a personality test which measured five aspects of personality
Next were giving true information about how extroverted they were
Than They read a personality type Which was fabricated and was the independent variable of the study. Each individual was randomly assigned to three passages
One passage stated future rejected
Another passage stated future included
The last passage stated house misfortune
Why was the last PassageIncludedBecause they wanted to clarify it was the social exclusion and not just receiving bad news was the control condition
Then their mood was rated again

Question 6

Study 2 - Twenge

Answer 6

then gave people three choices to make healthier or unhealthy decisions
1)To be in the study they will get a low-fat vanilla bar or candy
2)Told that they could fill out Eight health questionnaire and get feedback on their health habits or read people magazine
3) Told told to engage in an exercise task And trying to better their running heart rate, they could opt out any time
They wanted to find out how many of these healthy options were chosen
Found: Those who receive future alone feedback made less healthy choices than those in the health misfortune or the future belonging condition

Question 7

Study 3 - Baumeister

Answer 7

They gave participants the same feedback future belonging, health miss fortune, And future alone, Then they gave them an easy or difficult passage from the GRE
Found:
Those in the future alone solved less difficult questions than the future belongs - It showed that there was an interference with concentration

Question 8

Pressmen 2005

Answer 8

Was interested in how loneliness and exclusion can have implications on health can be painful in psychologically and physically matters
Found:
flu shot - loneliness and exclusion showed more results to how our bodies interact with these flu shots and create fewer antibodies
strong physical evidence feeling lonely cause stress, stress interferes with how well our bodies react to vaccines

Question 9

Social facilitation

Answer 9

Social facilitation is defined as improvement in individual performance when working with other people rather than alone.

Question 10

Social facilitation by Norman Triplett, 1989

Answer 10

Conducted a study which is often credited as the first psychology study
-he notices that when his cycle next to someone He rode faster when they were around And Not as fast when he was alone
-He got children to wind of fishing rod as fast as they could either alone or in a group
Found:
-Children would wind the real faster with the presence of others However this may seem obvious, He gotTo do it with their nondominant hand And actually did worse with the group this is a moderate variable

Question 11

Social facilitation by Zajonc, 1965

Answer 11

He proposed moderating variable

• variables were the presence of others and performance
• The presence of others increased arousal which in turn increases the dominant response tendency that individual highs
• An individual good at the mask arousal it occurs when we’re in the presence of others should facilitate or improve our performance
• Is the test is hard The arousal of others will hear our performance

Question 12

Social facilitation Cockroah Study

Answer 12

Cockroaches had to either run enemies that were simple or complex

• And there were three conditions
• run alone
• run With another cockroach
• run while others watched

Question 13

Social facilitation by Michaels, 1982

Answer 13

Had researchers watch students play pool at a distance

• then identify the experts and novice learners
• when the experts were alone they did worse but when the confederates stood next to them they did better

Question 14

Mechanisms underlying Social facilitation

Answer 14

• mere presence of others causes us to do better
• evaluation we need apprehension - anxiety
• the distraction
• when we are aroused by the presence of others we will do better if its something that we are already good at however, we will do worse if it is something that we are not good at

Question 15

Social Loafing

Answer 15

refers to the issue of whether being in a group helps or hinders individual performance in an additive task (this task is where people are working together and no one’s individual contribution can be identified)
-there is an inverse relationship with this, the greater the number of people the less effort the individuals put in.
ex singing in school assemblies

Question 16

Why does social loafing occur? (hint 3 answers)

Answer 16

1) Diffusion of responsibility - other people Doing the work, I’m not the only one
2) Reduced evaluation apprehension - Everyone is working together and no one will know how hard each individual works
3) Norms change - We don’t work as hard as we can because we don’t want to be the one who is doing all of the work for the group

Question 17

Social loafing in different cultures

Answer 17

The tendency to social loaf is in independent cultures
-Both men and women social loaf however woman somewhat less likely to engage in social loafing then men because women are grown to value groups

Question 18

Ways to reduce social loafing

Answer 18

• To make individual contributions identified
• If individual contributions can be identified then social facilitation will occur however if individual contributions cannot be identified then social loafing will occur

Question 19

Deindividuation

Answer 19

the group provides an environment in which the individual—submerged and anonymous—suffers from a loss of self-awareness.
This occurs when a person in the group and is a type of mob mentality. One can lose one sense of individuality and there is a reduction of normal constraints Again deviant behaviour.
-loss of self-awareness
-By losing a sense of self they do things that normally wouldn’t do
ex Canucks lost the stately cup, riots came out

Question 20

Zimbardo’s Model of Deindividuation

Answer 20

• We feel less responsible if others are around, We feel less of ourselves and we just follow the action even if it’s contradicting our own identity
• ex cyberbullying, they feel less of themselves as their behind a screen, they will not feel accountable, and their true identity is not known therefore less accountable and do things they normally would not do in person

Question 21

Deindividuation Oiener 1976 Halloween Study

Answer 21

-On Halloween night went to 27 homes and takes in a testing station. Tested over a thousand kids
-They asked the kids to come to the front hall Of the house person in the house when asking them their name or nothing they said I’m going to leave and I’m going to go to another room but you must only take one candy
-The children were either in a group or alone
Found:
-Kids alone and name asked did not transgress
-kids alone and name not asked more likely transgressed
-group and name, few transgress
-group and no name, many transgress

Question 22

Group polarization

Answer 22

the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
ex a group of women who hold moderately feminist views tend to demonstrate heightened pro-feminist beliefs following group discussion.

Question 23

Why does group polarization occur? (hint 2 answers)

Answer 23

• persuasive arguments
• social comparison
• becomes the benchmark and we might engage in normative influence (the need to belong and want to fit in) as we don’t want to stick out and informational influences we assume they are right

Question 24

Group Think (Janis came up with it)

Answer 24

that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
ex space shuttle challenge and Columbia

Question 25

What are some conditions of the group think? (hint 5 answers)

Answer 25

1) highly Cohesive - Harder to voice any opinion from the majority of the group opinion
2) Isolation from the outsiders -Will not expand There’s resources and want to maintain uniformity among their own group
3) Lack of procedures for information search and appraisal - No one wants to seek outside information that could contradict the facts that are being raised
4) Directed leaders - Individuals feel less likely to want to voice their opinions against the leader Such as the NASA case
5) Stressful situation - People want to follow the group tendency instead of thinking on their own as the leader may favour only one solution

Question 26

Symptoms of groupthink (hint 5 answers)

Answer 26

1) Illusions of invulnerability - If the group thinks they are very cohesive they might see themselves as the best and brightest. Convinced that their decisions are right and doing so they might fail to consider alternative courses of action
2) Collective rationalization - they convince themselves and others they’re doing the right thing
3) Direct pressure on dissenters - Those who raise objections night get pressure from others
4) SelfCensorship - If there are social consequences for Raising objections cause people To engage in self-censorship where they really don’t want to raise objections. They don’t want to voice an opinion that is different from the rest of the group because they fear the negative social consequence of raising this opinion.
5) illusion Of uniformity - Individuals might have reservations but because no one is voicing their Reservations it might seem like everyone in the group is thinking the same way and then might get on a course of making bad decisions and not thinking of the consequences of these decisions in an unbiased way this is very similar to Pluralistic ignorance

Question 27

The results of these symptoms aka outcome of groupthink (hint 4 answers0

Answer 27

• Incomplete consideration of alternative
• Failed to consider the risk of preferred choice
• Failed to consider initially rejected opinions
• Fail to consider any contingency plans of things that could go wrong

Question 28

How to avoid groupthink?

Answer 28

• group leaders announce their opinion later on, as we know obedience of authority is hot
• Appoint someone to play devils advocate
• have members join the group later on,