Ch 11 sources of prejudice

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

is a negative attitude and affective response toward a group and it’s individual members

Question 2

Prejudice is internalized - stereotype

Answer 2

We are typically aware that our stereotypes that society holds towards a member of their group and aware of prejudice towards the members of their group. Over time people hold these negative attitudes

Question 3

Clark and Clark 1947 Study

Answer 3

Offered African American children to play with either a black or white doll
Found:
Most choose the white doll even if they were African-American themself and the children would say that the white doll is smarter nicer and prettier
-This shows that prejudice is internalized Showing preference for the majority of the group

Question 4

Stereotype

Answer 4

Is the belief that certain attributes are characteristics of members of a particular group
They can be positive or negative most groups have both
-Can have a kernel of truth or not - over applied
-The issue is they are applied too broadly

Question 5

Where do stereotypes come from?

Answer 5

• culturally shared, via media, homes, school

- we are motivated to fit in our society

Question 6

How do stereotypes affect our cognition of a group in general? Devine 1989 study ~ automatic activation stereotypes

Answer 6

He Assessed three questions to distinguish between high or low prejudiced people
-Are their differences in stereotypes familiarity
Found: no
-Are their differences in stereotype activation
Found: yes, primed
-Are their differences in responses to stereotype activation
Found: yes, know the stereotype is then activated
-Research on cognitive capacity
Found:
We are more likely to use stereotypes before under cognitive load meaning that we are cognitively busy

Question 7

Discrimination and two types

Answer 7

It is the behavioural consequence of prejudice and stereotyping and is unfair treatment of a particular group based on their membership in their group

1) Commission - things that we do ex say rude things
2) Omission - things we don’t do ex avoid a member of the group (subtle)

Question 8

Modern racism and Aversive Racism

Answer 8

1)Modern racism: Describes a belief system, 3 ideas
-Denial that there is continuing discrimination
-Resentment about the demands that disadvantaged groups made for equal treatment
-Resentment about the concessions made to disadvantaged groups
Those who score high on Modern racism would not view themselves as racist however it is a belief that racism isn’t a problem anymore
2)Aversive racism: Rejects explicitly Racist beliefs, Yes experience in injuring prejudice against a racial group
-Behavioral consequences, Avoidance of out-group members, Subtle discrimination
-Individuals will state that they have an egalitarian view = They will not Acknowledge that they have discriminatory or stereotypic views towards the group
-if prejudice is less subtle they might discriminate

Question 9

Aversive Racism ex hiring decisions

Answer 9

-Participants, we’re all Caucasian which rated resumes
-independent variable: white or black person picture on a resume
-independent variable: how strong resumes were, either strong/moderate
Found:
-strong resumes there was no discrimination
-moderate discrimination there was discrimination, gave the white resumes a better mark then the black picture person resume
-replicated this study found the same thing again

Question 10

Measuring Prejudice - Empirical Study of prejudice - IAT

Answer 10

Implicit Association Test, measured outside of our awareness

• ex: fingers, strong words, men, weak words, women
• then repeated but reverse: strong word, women, weak words, men
• study have shown it doesn’t matter which order this is because of the stereotype of females and men
• some say scoring high on IAT, means that one endorses and beliefs in the stereotype
• others say, it just means you know the stereotype
• this test is a measure of attitude not filter through deliberation - when they take this test they don’t know what is being measured and you can fake your response
• critics think it had low test-retest reliability
• other critics believe it can predict some extent to behaviour

Question 11

Measuring Prejudice - Priming

Answer 11

in certain groups engage in tasks such as word complexion or sentences scramble or lexical decisions tasks
to measure how it affects peoples cognition

Question 12

Measuring Prejudice - creating groups called the minimal group paradigm by Tajifel

Answer 12

He wanted to find groups that were so minimal based on trivial categories that group members would not matter

• randomly assign group: group showed in group favouristim
• refers to the fact that individuals will express ingroup favoritism even when there is minimal

Question 13

causes of stereotypes (hint 3 perspective type)

Answer 13

1) Economic
2) Motitvational
3) Cognitive

Question 14

causes of stereotypes - Economic (hint 2 theories)

Answer 14

1) Realistic Conflict Theory
- states that whenever there are two or more groups that are seeking the same limited resources, this will lead to conflict, negative stereotypes and beliefs, and discrimination between the groups
2) Relative Deprivation Theory
- the perception by an individual that the amount of the desired resource (e.g., money, social status) he or she has is less than some comparison standard
- believe people of their group have less then they deserve = can be fueled by ethnocentrism

Question 15

Realistic Conflict Theory by Robber’s Case Study

Answer 15

-he recruited 5-grade boys who didn’t know each other and all went to a camp
-then he split the boys into two groups
-introduced competition for resources
-they became very hostile with each other
-to reduce this conflict the researcher introduced a superordinate goal, this goal made them had to all work together
Found:
-it had reduced hostility between the two groups
-they all came from similar backgrounds, it seemed to still create intergroup hostility

Question 16

Motivational Perspectives - Social Identity Theory

Answer 16

refers to the ways that people’s self-concepts are based on their membership in social groups. To enhance their own self-esteem/ maintain it

Question 17

Social Identity Theory by Jane Elliot 1968, Inh the Eye of the storm

Answer 17

• no consent
• a third grade teacher told the blue eye kids were superior to the brown eye kids
• watched their behaviour it made the blue eye group made them feel good about their group and the brown eye group felt bad about their group
• this involved name-calling and broken friendships
• the next day it was reversed it was the same results but reversed

Question 18

Motivational Perspectives - How does ingroup/outgroup distinctions affect our self-esteem? BIRGing

Answer 18

BIRGing - basking in reflected glory, when something happens good to the collective group, individuals can get a boost to their own self-esteem

Question 19

Motivational Perspectives - How does ingroup/outgroup distinctions affect our self-esteem? Fein and Spencer 1997

Answer 19

-participants were all women and give an intelligence test then give fake feedback on it = some got a boost in self-esteem where others got a decrease in their self-esteem
-then participants watched a tape of a person doing a job interview, all saw the same tape, however, half-told she was an ingroup member same religion as the did or told she was an outgroup member of a different religion
-after the tape, participants rated the individual and their self-esteem was assed again
Found:
-if participants received positive results they rated the intergroup/outgroup member equally, there was no derogation of the outgroup member
-if the participants received negative results they rated the outgroup more negatively than the ingroup member
Why
-when people received a drop in self-esteem their motivated to maintain their self-esteem, we downward compare nut in this case they were given a chance to derogate an outgroup member
-those who derograted the outgroup member showed an increase in self-esteem = their strategy to maintain their self-esteem or increase it is by putting someone else down

Question 20

Motivational Perspectives - Frustration-Aggression Theory

Answer 20

• Frustration can lead to aggression
• people are more likely to derograte to an outgroup under conditions that are frustrating, even if the cause of frustration is unrelated to the outgroup

Question 21

Cognitive Perspectives

Answer 21

• we are overwhelmed with social stimuli every day
• one way to make it easier is to categorize thing and people into groups
• why / one reason we hold stereotypes to allow us to simplify our social worlds - this way its a heuristic
• but we tend to make an error in judgment about other people due to our cognitive advantages as we try to conserve our mental resources

Question 22

Cognitive Perspectives - Conservation of Cognitive Resources by Macrae 1994

Answer 22

-participants were asked to do two tasks
-first, they were asked to do an impression of a hypothetical person based on listening to a number of traits or no stereotype
-then listen to a lecture about Indonesia facts and remember it
Found:
-those with the stereotype trait, were able to remember the traits and facts about Indonesia than those who did not have a stereotype
-used cognitive resources to speed up other tasks

Question 23

Cognitive Perspectives - Construal Process and Biased Assessment

Answer 23

1) accentuation of ingroup similarity and outgroup differences: we tend to overestimate the differences between ingroups and outgroups ex queens vs western
2) The outgroup homogeneity affect - the tendency to perceive members of an out-group as “all alike” or more similar to each other than members of the ingroup ex we think Chinese are all the same when they view themselves as different
3) illusory correlations - is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviours) even when no such relationship exists.
- we see relationships that are not actually there
- distinctive events (especially negative events and minority) capture our attention therefore, we remember them and due to our available heuristic they become over-represented in our memory
- this makes us likely to form negative stereotypes over positive ones as negative ones are easily remembered

Question 24

What happens when there are discounting expectations of our stereotype?

Answer 24

if a person holds a stereotype of a certain group and they encounter one of those group members but does not portray that stereotype what happens?

• revise the stereotype, however, people do not give up on stereotypes easily as we do not want to be wrong and it is cognitively taxing - there is motivation to maintain this stereotype
• subtyping is some way we maintain our stereotypes, we see someone different but remain our stereotypes of them

Question 25

Kunda and Oleson 1995 of subtyping

Answer 25

Study number one
-Stereotype of a Lawyer Are extroverted
Participants were given information that Challenged this stereotype
-For conditions
-The first group was controlled there was no stereotype challenge
-Second No extra information given
-Third From told a large firm
-Four told from a small firm
-the information was about an interview with a lawyer who was introverted
Found:
-Second group - they had changed their impression, increase introverted
-Third And forth group both subtypes

Study number two
-They assessed if people will revise their stereotype if someone is moderately contradictory to the stereotyped or extremely contradictory to the stereotype
-participants were exposed to group members who violated the stereotype of either a public relations agent or feminist and the person was described as either moderately counterstereotypical or extremely counterstereotypical
-which of these caused a greater change
-they then rated how extroverted the public relation agent either read how moderate or extreme introverted this person was. Then rated how extraverted they are
Found:
-did not read about the person - extremely extraverted
-moderate counterstereotypical - revised their stereotype of these people
-extreme counterstereotypical - subtyped

the more counterstereotypical that the person is the less likely it is to cause a stereotype change because we’re more likely to see that person as an extreme case