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Sociology 101 > Ch 7 Gender Inequality > Flashcards

Ch 7 Gender Inequality Flashcards

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0
Q

Does Cynthia Fuchs Epstein Believe in nature or nurture? What is her theory?

A

nurture
Further we go back=greater inequality
Anthropological records show ‘differences’ are socially created
Work each sex performs is determined by social arrangements, not biological predispositions

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1
Q

Do most sociologists favor nature of nurture?

A

Nurture

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2
Q

Who believes that the work each sex performs is determined by social arrangements, not biological predispositions

A

Cynthia Epstein

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3
Q

What does Steven Goldberg believe in, and does he believe in nature or nurture?

A

Nature
Matriarchies are a myth, all societies are patriarches
Highest statuses associated always with men
Socialization only reflects nature

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4
Q

Who believes that socialization reflects nature, and that patriarchies are normal?

A

Steven Goldberg

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5
Q

What does Alice Ross believe on the nature vs nurture debate?

A

Both, nurture is important, but nature provides a predisposition

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6
Q

In terms of nature versus nurture her what do you symbolic interactionists believe?

A

Biological differences did not come with meanings built into them we create the meanings

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7
Q

True or false work deemed feminine and one society may be considered masculine in another society

A

True

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8
Q

What are the three areas that barriers may be present for women?

A

Education, politics, and work

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9
Q

Give 4 types of violence against women

A
  1. Foot binding
    1. Suttee
    2. Genital mutilation
    3. Female infanticide
    4. Witch hunting
    5. Rape, beating, forced prostitution
    6. Honour killing
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10
Q

Explain the human reproduction theory of why patriarchy exists

A

Women had to be at home for childcare, so they started doing things around the home, men were able to go away to hunt and trade because they didn’t need to be home. This led to greater power and prestige of men

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11
Q

What is Marvin Harris’ theory of why patriarchy exists?

A

To lure men into battle, Warriors were rewarded with females
Men were prepared for their roles in combat
Women wee socialized into submissiveness

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12
Q

Explain Frederick Engels and Marx idea of why patriarchy started based on Private property

A

Private property is at the root of patriarchy
Tribal societies did not have private property, and there was more gender equality
Nuclear family and monogamy arose to control so,end sexuality, paternity, and inheritance

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13
Q

Explain the contemporary conflict perspective of gender inequality

A

Females and males have unequal power and access to resources

Questions men’s control over women at all levels
Females suffer within workplaces, and social institutions

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14
Q

What is the functionalist perspective on gender inequality?

A

Considers the different roles performed by men and women necessary for the well being of society

Differentiated roles contribute to overall social stability

Derived from biological explanations

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15
Q

What perspective of gender inequality blames feminists for ruining the equilibrium of society?

A

Functionalists

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16
Q

What perspective of gender inequality shifts focus from power and inequality to roles played by males and females in society

A

Functionalists

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17
Q

What are the three major branches of feminism?

A

Liberal, socialist/Marxist, and radical

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18
Q

What does a liberal feminist believe needs to change?

A

Laws and customs

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19
Q

What does a Marxist or socialist feminist believe needs to change?

A

women in a patriarchal capitalist system are exploited within both the economy and the home

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20
Q

What does radical feminist believe needs to change?

A

Calls for the end of patriarchy

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21
Q

What theory of gender inequality Rejects dichotomy and Gives rise to the notion that there are multiple expressions of sexuality

A

Queer theories

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22
Q

What do post modernists believe about gender inequality?

A

Attempt to understand identities from the point of view of each individual, rather than sweeping generalizations

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23
Q

What are three factors determining the gendered division of labour?

A

What type of economic base
The demand for labour
Where’s women’s childbearing responsibilities see compatible with certain types of work

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24
Q

What are the four types of societies?

A

Hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, angrarian, and industrial societies

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25
Q

What were the gender differences in a hunting and gathering society?

A

There were none, both worked to provide

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26
Q

What were the gender differences in a horticultural society?

A

Women still made a large contribution to production, neither sex controlled the food supply

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27
Q

What were the gender differences in a pastoral society?

A

Herding done by men
Women contribution to food production decreases and so does their social status
More gender inequality than in horticultural socicieties, but less than agrarian socities

28
Q

What where the gender differences in a angrarian society?

A

Gender inequality increases
Men take control of food and surplus production
Increasing importance of legitimate heirs leads to growing economic and social subordination of women

29
Q

What were the gender differences in an industrial society?

A

Distinct division between paid and unpaid work

30
Q

Until what century was women’s second class position considered normal?

A

19th

31
Q

During he first wave of feminism (1800s/1900s) what did the conservative feminists fight for, and what did the radical feminists fight for?

A

Conservative branch: focused On winning vote

Radical: wanted to reform all institutions in society

32
Q

What was Nellie McClung known for?

A

Getting the vote for Canadian women

33
Q

What year did Canada get the vote for women?*

A

1918

34
Q

What province was the last to allow women to vote, and when was it? *

A

Quebec, 1940

35
Q

What year did Newfoundland allow women to vote?*

A

1949

36
Q

What did the 2nd wave (1960-1970) feminists fight for?

A

Let women work
Let women go to school
Ending inequality in work

37
Q

What are 3rd wave feminists fighting for? (1990-now)

A

Equality in the home

38
Q

What did Wollstonecraft say was key?

A

Education was key to liberation

39
Q

What do most men get their masters in?

A

Physics and math

40
Q

Explain Samuel Stouffers study “the American soldier” and how it relates to the general devaluation of femininity

A

Calling soldiers pussies, girls etc. to explain that they aren’t up to par

41
Q

What are the four occupational sectors that 70% of women are employed in?

A

Teaching
nursing
Health related
Clerical

42
Q

What are female job ghettos?

A

women grouped in low wage industries

43
Q

What is the glass ceiling?

A

invisible barrier that block the promotion of qualifies females because of gender, race, or ethnicity

44
Q

True or false? The gender wage gap shows up in all levels of education and exists in all industrialized nations.

A

True

45
Q

What is the difference between the fast track and the mommy track?

A

Fast track: 60-70 hours a week of work, always busy

Mommy track: allows for lower commitment at firm, and more timetable care for their family

46
Q

How can we end the gender wage gap and inequalities at work?

A 
• On site day cares
	• Offer fair salaries for daycare workers
	• Flexible family leaves 
	• Flexible employment laws
More parental support
47
Q

Who believes that women work a “second shift” at home?

A

Arlie Hoschschild

48
Q

When was sexual harassment first recognized in Canada?*

A

1970s

49
Q

When did the Canadian human rights act start to prohibit sexual harassment?

A

1983

50
Q

What is sexual harassment based off of?

A

Power and intimidation

51
Q

Why is it hard to get proper numbers on sexual harassment?

A

Underreporting

52
Q

Before 1983, what was rape defined as?

A

Having sex with someone who wasn’t his wife, threatening her into consent or no consent, penetration was necessary

53
Q

After 1983, what were the three categories of rape?

A

Sexual harassment, sexual harassment with a weapon, aggravated sexual assault

54
Q

Awoken are six times more likely to be killed by _____ rather than a/an ______

A

Aquantance rather than stranger

55
Q

True or false, Male and female violence are not equal.. Men are most likely to kill whole family than women.

A

True

56
Q

Has Canada had any female prime ministers? If so how many?

A

One

57
Q

What is gender stratification?

A

A structure that opens and closes access to a groups privilege, In this case: a woman’s privilege

58
Q

How do sex and gender differ and why do the behaviours of males and females differ?

A

Sex is biological, gender is the environment (how so,some should act) they act differently because of obstacles and socialization

59
Q

When was the first wave of feminism?

A

1900s

60
Q

When was the second wave of feminism?

A

1960s

61
Q

Is gender inequality universal?

A

Yeah, patriarchy is

62
Q

True or false, Alice Rossi believed that women were more primed for mothering than men

A

True

63
Q

What theory did Marvin Harris create?

A

Universal physical differences between men and women and universal social conditions account for patriarchy

64
Q

When did Samuel Stouffer note that the general devaluation of femininity happen/start?

A

During world war 2

65
Q

Who said that “no matter what your job is, you are primarily a woman”

A

Karen hossfield

66
Q

Who suggested there was a mommy track and a fast track in work?

A

Felice Schwartz

67
Q

Are unwanted sexual advances a structural or functional problem?

A

Structural, they are built into the social structure

Sociology 101 (10 decks)

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