Ch 7 Gender Inequality Flashcards
Does Cynthia Fuchs Epstein Believe in nature or nurture? What is her theory?
nurture
Further we go back=greater inequality
Anthropological records show ‘differences’ are socially created
Work each sex performs is determined by social arrangements, not biological predispositions
Do most sociologists favor nature of nurture?
Nurture
Who believes that the work each sex performs is determined by social arrangements, not biological predispositions
Cynthia Epstein
What does Steven Goldberg believe in, and does he believe in nature or nurture?
Nature
Matriarchies are a myth, all societies are patriarches
Highest statuses associated always with men
Socialization only reflects nature
Who believes that socialization reflects nature, and that patriarchies are normal?
Steven Goldberg
What does Alice Ross believe on the nature vs nurture debate?
Both, nurture is important, but nature provides a predisposition
In terms of nature versus nurture her what do you symbolic interactionists believe?
Biological differences did not come with meanings built into them we create the meanings
True or false work deemed feminine and one society may be considered masculine in another society
True
What are the three areas that barriers may be present for women?
Education, politics, and work
Give 4 types of violence against women
- Foot binding
- Suttee
- Genital mutilation
- Female infanticide
- Witch hunting
- Rape, beating, forced prostitution
- Honour killing
Explain the human reproduction theory of why patriarchy exists
Women had to be at home for childcare, so they started doing things around the home, men were able to go away to hunt and trade because they didn’t need to be home. This led to greater power and prestige of men
What is Marvin Harris’ theory of why patriarchy exists?
To lure men into battle, Warriors were rewarded with females
Men were prepared for their roles in combat
Women wee socialized into submissiveness
Explain Frederick Engels and Marx idea of why patriarchy started based on Private property
Private property is at the root of patriarchy
Tribal societies did not have private property, and there was more gender equality
Nuclear family and monogamy arose to control so,end sexuality, paternity, and inheritance
Explain the contemporary conflict perspective of gender inequality
Females and males have unequal power and access to resources
Questions men’s control over women at all levels
Females suffer within workplaces, and social institutions
What is the functionalist perspective on gender inequality?
Considers the different roles performed by men and women necessary for the well being of society
Differentiated roles contribute to overall social stability
Derived from biological explanations
What perspective of gender inequality blames feminists for ruining the equilibrium of society?
Functionalists
What perspective of gender inequality shifts focus from power and inequality to roles played by males and females in society
Functionalists
What are the three major branches of feminism?
Liberal, socialist/Marxist, and radical
What does a liberal feminist believe needs to change?
Laws and customs
What does a Marxist or socialist feminist believe needs to change?
women in a patriarchal capitalist system are exploited within both the economy and the home
What does radical feminist believe needs to change?
Calls for the end of patriarchy
What theory of gender inequality Rejects dichotomy and Gives rise to the notion that there are multiple expressions of sexuality
Queer theories
What do post modernists believe about gender inequality?
Attempt to understand identities from the point of view of each individual, rather than sweeping generalizations
What are three factors determining the gendered division of labour?
What type of economic base
The demand for labour
Where’s women’s childbearing responsibilities see compatible with certain types of work
What are the four types of societies?
Hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, angrarian, and industrial societies
What were the gender differences in a hunting and gathering society?
There were none, both worked to provide
What were the gender differences in a horticultural society?
Women still made a large contribution to production, neither sex controlled the food supply
What were the gender differences in a pastoral society?
Herding done by men
Women contribution to food production decreases and so does their social status
More gender inequality than in horticultural socicieties, but less than agrarian socities
What where the gender differences in a angrarian society?
Gender inequality increases
Men take control of food and surplus production
Increasing importance of legitimate heirs leads to growing economic and social subordination of women
What were the gender differences in an industrial society?
Distinct division between paid and unpaid work
Until what century was women’s second class position considered normal?
19th
During he first wave of feminism (1800s/1900s) what did the conservative feminists fight for, and what did the radical feminists fight for?
Conservative branch: focused On winning vote
Radical: wanted to reform all institutions in society
What was Nellie McClung known for?
Getting the vote for Canadian women
What year did Canada get the vote for women?*
1918
What province was the last to allow women to vote, and when was it? *
Quebec, 1940
What year did Newfoundland allow women to vote?*
1949
What did the 2nd wave (1960-1970) feminists fight for?
Let women work
Let women go to school
Ending inequality in work
What are 3rd wave feminists fighting for? (1990-now)
Equality in the home
What did Wollstonecraft say was key?
Education was key to liberation
What do most men get their masters in?
Physics and math
Explain Samuel Stouffers study “the American soldier” and how it relates to the general devaluation of femininity
Calling soldiers pussies, girls etc. to explain that they aren’t up to par
What are the four occupational sectors that 70% of women are employed in?
Teaching
nursing
Health related
Clerical
What are female job ghettos?
women grouped in low wage industries
What is the glass ceiling?
invisible barrier that block the promotion of qualifies females because of gender, race, or ethnicity
True or false? The gender wage gap shows up in all levels of education and exists in all industrialized nations.
True
What is the difference between the fast track and the mommy track?
Fast track: 60-70 hours a week of work, always busy
Mommy track: allows for lower commitment at firm, and more timetable care for their family
How can we end the gender wage gap and inequalities at work?
• On site day cares • Offer fair salaries for daycare workers • Flexible family leaves • Flexible employment laws More parental support
Who believes that women work a “second shift” at home?
Arlie Hoschschild
When was sexual harassment first recognized in Canada?*
1970s
When did the Canadian human rights act start to prohibit sexual harassment?
1983
What is sexual harassment based off of?
Power and intimidation
Why is it hard to get proper numbers on sexual harassment?
Underreporting
Before 1983, what was rape defined as?
Having sex with someone who wasn’t his wife, threatening her into consent or no consent, penetration was necessary
After 1983, what were the three categories of rape?
Sexual harassment, sexual harassment with a weapon, aggravated sexual assault
Awoken are six times more likely to be killed by _____ rather than a/an ______
Aquantance rather than stranger
True or false, Male and female violence are not equal.. Men are most likely to kill whole family than women.
True
Has Canada had any female prime ministers? If so how many?
One
What is gender stratification?
A structure that opens and closes access to a groups privilege, In this case: a woman’s privilege
How do sex and gender differ and why do the behaviours of males and females differ?
Sex is biological, gender is the environment (how so,some should act) they act differently because of obstacles and socialization
When was the first wave of feminism?
1900s
When was the second wave of feminism?
1960s
Is gender inequality universal?
Yeah, patriarchy is
True or false, Alice Rossi believed that women were more primed for mothering than men
True
What theory did Marvin Harris create?
Universal physical differences between men and women and universal social conditions account for patriarchy
When did Samuel Stouffer note that the general devaluation of femininity happen/start?
During world war 2
Who said that “no matter what your job is, you are primarily a woman”
Karen hossfield
Who suggested there was a mommy track and a fast track in work?
Felice Schwartz
Are unwanted sexual advances a structural or functional problem?
Structural, they are built into the social structure
