ch. 7: cardiovascular

Question 1

the rhythmic contractions of the heart are controlled by the ______; the __________ stimulates release of epinephrine which accelerates HR and increases force of conctractions

Answer 1

ANS, CNS

Question 2

mitral valve has __ cusps

Answer 2

2

Question 3

mitral valve (_________ valve) is between the ________________;
tricuspid valve (__________________) is between the _______________

Answer 3

bicuspid, left atrium and left ventricle, right AV valve, right atrium and right ventricle

Question 4

things to note about the SA node
-located at the ______________ near the opening of the ________
-impulse travels from SA node to the _________
-SA node possess __________ which helps stimulate heartbeat without ANS signal

Answer 4

right atria, superior vena cava, AV node, pacemaker cells which have intrinsic rhythm

Question 5

double membrane sac that the heart is surrounded by

Answer 5

pericardium

Question 6

heart rate is controlled by the _____________

Answer 6

autonomic nervous system

Question 7

left-to-right shunt in which communication between atria causes enlarged right ventricle

Answer 7

atrial septal defect

Question 8

left-to-right shunt in which communication between ventricles causes left ventricle/atrial enlargement

Answer 8

ventricular septal defect

Question 9

vascular connection between pulmonary artery and aorta

Answer 9

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 10

patent ductus causes enlargement of _________, __________, and _____________-

Answer 10

left atrium, left ventricle, and pulmonary arteries

Question 11

most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 11

tetralogy of Fallot

Question 12

four abnormalities of Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 12

1. high ventricular septal defect
2. pulmonary stenosis
3. overriding of the aortic orifice above the ventricular defect
4. right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 13

in tetralogy of Fallot, right ventricle hypertrophy causes ______________ displacement of the ___________

Answer 13

upward and lateral, apex of the heart

Question 14

upward and lateral displacement of the apex of the heart as seen in the Tetralogy of Fallot is termed _________

Answer 14

coeur en sabot

Question 15

term referring to the narrowing or constriction of the aorta (most commonly occurring just beyond the branching of the blood vessels to the head and arms)

Answer 15

coarctation

Question 16

most frequent cause of hypertension in children; where does it manifest?

Answer 16

coarctation of the aorta, normal BP in the arms with low BP in the legs

Question 17

radiographic appearance of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 17

rib notching

Question 18

Most common congenital cardiac lesions

Answer 18

left to right shunt

Question 19

Deposition of fatty material on the inner arterial wall

Answer 19

atherosclerosis

Question 20

most common cause of coronary artery disease

Answer 20

atherosclerosis

Question 21

Narrowing of the lumen of one or more of the coronary arteries

Answer 21

coronary artery disease

Question 22

coronary artery disease results in _________________ and _______ heart disease

Answer 22

oxygen deprivation of the myocardium, ischemic

Question 23

predisposing factors to coronary artery disease

Answer 23

Hypertension
Obesity
Smoking
High cholesterol diet
Lack of exercise

Question 24

Inability of the heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to provide adequate supply to the tissues

Answer 24

congestive heart failure

Question 25

causes of congestive heart failure

Answer 25

-intrinsic cardiac abnormalities -Hypertension -Any obstructive process that abnormally increases the peripheral resistance of blood flow

Question 26

radiographic appearance of congestive heart failure

Answer 26

Cardiac enlargement Enlarged superior pulmonary veins Interstitial edema Pleural effusions

Question 27

radiographic appearance of coronary artery disease

Answer 27

vessel calcification

Question 28

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues

Answer 28

pulmonary edema

Question 29

pulmonary edema is most commonly caused by elevation of the ________________

Answer 29

pulmonary venous pressure

Question 30

other causes of pulmonary edema

Answer 30

Uremia Narcotic OD Exposure to noxious fumes Excessive oxygen High altitudes Fat embolism ARDS Various neurologic abnormalities

Question 31

Localized dilation of an artery that most commonly involves the aorta

Answer 31

aneurysm

Question 32

types of aneurysm

Answer 32

saccular, fusiform

Question 33

Saccular aneurysm: involves _________ of the arterial wall

Answer 33

only one side

Question 34

Fusiform aneurysm: bulging of the ____________________ of the vessel wall

Answer 34

entire circumference

Question 35

Potentially life threatening condition in which disruption of the intima (inner layer) permits blood to enter the wall of the aorta and separate its layers

Answer 35

aortic dissection

Question 36

aortic dissection involves the disruption of what layer of the aorta?

Answer 36

intima (inner layer)

Question 37

aortic dissection creates a _______________ in the aorta

Answer 37

true and false lumen

Question 38

False lumen may form ___________ as a result of the _____________________________

Answer 38

an aneurysm, high pressure in the systemic vascular system

Question 39

aortic dissection is most common in patients with ____________

Answer 39

arterial hypertension

Question 40

________ is almost always a complication of rheumatic disease

Answer 40

mitral stenosis

Question 41

mitral stenosis results from _____________, ____________, or ________________

Answer 41

thickening of the valve by fibrous tissue, calcific deposits, or both

Question 42

what happens in mitral stenosis?

Answer 42

Blood flow is obstructed from leaving the left atrium and passing into the left ventricle during diastole causes increased pressure in left atrium and subsequent enlargement

Question 43

what happens in aortic stenosis?

Answer 43

Obstruction to left ventricular outflow in aortic stenosis increases the workload of the left ventricle

Question 44

radiographic appearance of aortic stenosis

Answer 44

enlargement of the left ventricle, rounding cardiac apex

Question 45

radiographic appearance of mitral stenosis

Answer 45

left atrium enlargement

Question 46

radiographic appearance of pulmonary edema

Answer 46

vascular markings not sharp, severe edema produces a butterfly pattern

Question 47

radiographic appearance of CHF

Answer 47

on a PA chest, C/T ratio is >50% left sided = cardiac enlargement, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary effusion right sided = widened mediastinum and elevated right hemidiaphragm

Question 48

condition that refers to the development of nodules or vegetations on heart valves caused by deposits of bacteria or fungi

Answer 48

infective endocarditis

Question 49

which vegetations are larger: rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis?

Answer 49

infective endocarditis

Question 50

infective endocarditis is demonstrated with ____________

Answer 50

echocardiography

Question 51

with infective endocarditis, vegetations are filled with ___________

Answer 51

bacteria

Question 52

with rheumatic heart disease, deposits of blood and platelets and fibrin from blood flowing over the valve produce small nodules called ___________. where are they located?

Answer 52

vegetations, along the margin of the valve cusps

Question 53

condition that refers to accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart

Answer 53

pericardial effusion

Question 54

causes of pericardial effusion

Answer 54

Bacteria Viruses Neoplastic involvement Idiopathic pericardial effusion

Question 55

with pericardial effusion, rapid accumulation interferes with cardiac function because of ________________

Answer 55

an increase in pericardial pressure

Question 56

radiographic appearance of pericardial effusion

Answer 56

enlargement of cardiac silhouette

Question 57

DVTs primary involve _____________, major source of potentially fatal __________________

Answer 57

lower extremities, pulmonary embolism

Question 58

DVT precipitating factors

Answer 58

Trauma Bacterial infection Prolonged bed rest Oral contraceptives

Question 59

DVT may be the earliest symptom of unsuspected malignancy of the ___________________________

Answer 59

pancreas, lung or GI system

Question 60

Dilated, elongated and tortuous vessels that most commonly involve superficial veins of the leg

Answer 60

varicose veins

Question 61

DVTs and varicose veins are images with __________

Answer 61

contrast venography or color doppler