ch 1 and 2: introduction, specialized imaging modalities Flashcards by Sydney Luella

the pattern of the body’s response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions

disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are some causes of disease?

hereditary (genes), trauma, infectious organisms, vascular processes, metabolic processes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Measurable or objective manifestations

signs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Feelings that the patient describes (subjective manifestations)

symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Without subjective or objective manifestations

asymptomatic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identification of disease process

diagnosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Study of the cause of the disease process

etiology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Underlying causes is unknown

idiopathic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

probable patient outcome

prognosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Linked combination of signs and symptoms

syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by a physician or treatment

iatrogenic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 clinical signs of inflammation

rubor
calor
tumor
dolor
loss of function

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is rubor?

redness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is calor?

heat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is tumor (in reference to the 5 clinical signs of inflammation)?

swelling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is dolor?

pain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inflammatory response (1 of 4)
1. Alterations in ________ and ______________
2. Migration of circulating white blood cells to the interstitium of the injured tissue
3. Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissue elements
4. Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and eventual scar formation

blood flow, vascular permeability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inflammatory response (2 of 4)
1. Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability
2. Migration of circulating __________ to the ___________ of the injured tissue
3. Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissue elements
4. Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and eventual scar formation

white blood cells, interstitium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inflammatory response (3 of 4)
1. Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability
2. Migration of circulating white blood cells to the interstitium of the injured tissue
3. ____________ and ________________ of dead cells and tissue elements
4. Repair of injury by regeneration of normal parenchymal cells or proliferation of granulation tissue and eventual scar formation

Phagocytosis, enzymatic digestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inflammatory response (4 of 4)
1. Alterations in blood flow and vascular permeability
2. Migration of circulating white blood cells to the interstitium of the injured tissue
3. Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion of dead cells and tissue elements
4. Repair of injury by regeneration of normal _______________ cells or proliferation of ______________________________

parenchymal, granulation tissue and eventual scar formation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities.

edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body

anasarca

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema

elephantiasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ.

ischemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does ischemia do?

deprives cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients

what is ischemia caused by?

-narrowing of an artery -thrombotic occlusion -embolic occlusion

a localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ.

infarction

the rupture of a blood vessel that allows blood to escape externally or internally, within surrounding tissues or a cavity.

hemorrhage

Bleeding into tissues results in a ___________.

hematoma

minimal hemorrhages ito the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces

petechiae

slightly larger hemorrharges than petechiae

purpura

a large (>1-2 cm) subcutaneous hematoma, or a bruise, is called __________

an ecchymosis

fibrous scar that replaces destroyed tissue is called ____________

granulation tissue

localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid

abscess

what is the neoplasia in Latin?

"new growth"

an abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells

neoplasia

neoplasia are (only malignant/can be malignant or benign)

can be malignant or benign

Reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function

atrophy

Increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function

hypertrophy

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

hyperplasia

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

dysplasia

Growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure and function

benign

Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures

malignant

Malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites

metastases

hypertrophy refers to an increase in the (size/number) of cells hyperplasia refers to an increase in the (size/number) of cells

hypertrophy = size increase hyperplasia = number increase

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

carcinoma

undifferentiated cell growth (without form)

anaplastic

highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue

sarcoma

major route by which carcinoma metastasizes

lymphatic spread

Malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli

hematogenous spread

assessment of aggressiveness or degree of malignancy

grading

assessment of (1) the extensiveness of a tumor at its primary site and (2) the presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs

staging

what are the two components to staging?

1. Extensiveness of tumor at the primary site 2. Presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs

Hereditary diseases result from an _________________

abnormality in the DNA

Three types of immune reactions

Anaphylactic Cytotoxic reaction Delayed

the 44 chromosomes other than X and Y

autosomes

foreign substance that evokes an immune response

antigens

immunoglobulins responding to the antigens to make them harmless

antibodies

generalized/systemic reaction characterized by hypotension and vascular collapse (shock) with urticaria (hives), bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema

anaphylactic reaction

reaction in which an antibody leads to cell destruction by lysis or phagocytosis

cytotoxic reaction

reaction in which an individual previously exposed to an antigen has no reaction during the first exposure and during the next exposure

delayed reaction

term that refers to a tissue's degree of vascularity

perfusion

types of perfusion enhancement

peripheral, homogenous, heterogenous

term that refers to the space-occupying effect of a tissue/anatomy

integration

image creation for mammographty

ionizing radiation (x-ray attenuation)

image receptor for mammography

digital plate or analog system

imaging descriptors for mammography

same as used for general x-ray

image creation for ultrasound

transducer production of multifrequency sound waves

image descriptors for ultrasound

anechoic, hyper/hypo-echoic, isoechoic

echo free tissue or structure (in US)

anechoic

hyperechoic structures are a (lighter/darker) shade than hypoechoic structures (in US)

lighter

two structures that have the same echogenicity (in US)

isoechoic

image creation for CT

collimated x-ray beam attenuation detection

image receptor for CT

detectors receiving the attenuated signal

image descriptors for CT

Hounsfield numbers (number relative to water which is "0")

image creation for MRI

radiofrequency (RF) pulses emitted to change hydrogen atom energy states

image receptor for MRI

receiver coil to detect energy changes to relaxation times

in T1 weighted images, water appears (bright/dark) because it has a (high/low) signal intensity

dark, low

in T2 weighted images, water appears (bright/dark) because it has a (high/low) signal intensity

bright, high

image creation for nuclear medicine

radiopharmaceuticals that emit gamma radiation

image receptor for NM

gamma camera that detects gamma radiation emitted from patient

SPECT is an aspect of _________ imaging

SPECT camera has the ability to ___________________

rotate independently around the patient.

PET uses a __________________ similar to a naturally occurring substance in the body, such as _________________

radionuclide tracer, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or glucose.

image creation for SPECT

same as NM (radiopharmaceutical that emits gamma radiation)

image creation for PET

radiopharmaceutical that emits a positron

image receptor for SPECT

rotating gamma camera

image receptor for PET

two imaging receptors