Ch. 7

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Question 2

2 Types of Learning

Answer 2

Associative Learning

• Classical Conditioning- between 2 stimuli
• Operant Conditioning- behavior and consequence

Observational Learning

Question 3

Generalization

Answer 3

Responding similarly to different stimuli

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

Responding differently to similar stimuli (ex. football vs. police uniform)

Question 5

Extinction (Classical)

Answer 5

The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
-Pavlov rang bell and didn’t present food, dog stopped salivating

Question 6

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 6

Reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety provoking situations

Question 7

Connectionism

Answer 7

All learning can be explained by connection (bonds) that are formed between stimuli and responses

Question 8

Law of Readiness

Answer 8

We learn when we are ready

Question 9

Law of Exercise

Answer 9

One learns through practice

Question 10

Law of Effect

Answer 10

Association is strengthened by satisfaction and weakened by discomfort

Question 11

B.F. Skinner

Answer 11

Environment reinforces or eliminates behavior
-Focused on responses and consequences

The consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior’s consequences

Question 12

Positive reinforcement

Answer 12

Pleasant stimulus is added to increase behavior

Question 13

Negative reinforcement

Answer 13

Aversive (unpleasant) stimulus removed to increase behavior

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

Aversive stimulus added to decrease behavior

Question 15

Extinction (Operant)

Answer 15

Aversive stimulus removed to decrease behavior

Question 16

Premack principle

Answer 16

High probability activity can serve as a reinforcer for a low-probability activity. “After you eat your vegetables, then you can have your dessert.”

Question 17

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 17

Interaction of behavior, environment, person, and cognitive factors

Question 18

Self- efficacy

Answer 18

Belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Question 19

Observational Learning

Answer 19

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

Question 20

Attention

Answer 20

Must be able to attend and recognize the distinctive features

Question 21

Retention

Answer 21

Code it and put it into memory

Question 22

Reproduction

Answer 22

Must be capable of reproducing

Question 23

Motivation

Answer 23

Incentive