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Biotechnology I > Ch. 6 Immune Technology > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Immune Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What are antigens and antibodies?

A

Antigens are foreign bodies and antibodies are immune system components that recognize antigens

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2
Q

Which of the following is an accurate description of B and T cells?

A

B cells produce antibodies and T cells recognize antigens expressed in the surface of other cells

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3
Q

How are the variants of antibodies produced?

A

By shuffling a small number of gene segments around

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4
Q

Which of the following statements about antibodies is not correct?

A

Polyclonal antibodies are derived from hybridomas

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5
Q

Which of the following statements about humanized antibodies is correct?

A

All of the above are correct

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6
Q

How is the creation of recombinant antibodies useful to researchers?

A

Recombinant antibodies can be used to precisely deliver toxins, cytokines, and enzymes directly to the antigen

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7
Q

Why is an ELISA used?

A

To quantify the amount of a specific protein or antigen in a sample

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8
Q

Which of the following is an example of how ELISA is used?

A

All of the above

  • home pregnancy test
  • detection of pathogenic organisms
  • detection of plant diseases
  • detection of dairy and poultry diseases
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9
Q

In which application are fluorescent antibodies used?

A

All of the above

  • immunocytochemistry
  • flow cytometry
  • immunohistochemistry
  • fluorescence activated cell sorting
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10
Q

Which of the following statements about immunity is NOT true?

A

Vaccines use a live infectious agent that is still capable of producing disease in order to elicit an immune response

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11
Q

How are vaccines made so that they do not cause disease?

A

All of the above

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12
Q

What is reverse vaccinology?

A

The use of expressed genes from an expression library to find proteins that elicit an immune response in mice to create new vaccine candidates

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13
Q

What is critical to finding novel antigens for vaccine development?

A

The identification of proteins that elicit an immune response

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14
Q

Which of the following statements about edible vaccines is NOT true?

A

Edible vaccines are usually too expensive to be manufactured in large quantities

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15
Q

Which of the following is not a risk associated with vaccines?

A

All of the above are potential risks associated with vaccination

  • adverse side effects
  • allergic reactions
  • preservatives containing mercury
  • induction of autoimmunity in some individuals
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16
Q

Which of the following is the mechanism of action for Herception?

A

Idk

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17
Q

All of the following statements are Remicade are true except..

A

Idk

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18
Q

Heavy chain antibodies have major implications for therapeutic purposes because..

A

Idk

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19
Q

All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except..

A

Idk

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20
Q

___ are Y-shaped molecules produced by the immune system in vertebrates.

A

Antibodies

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21
Q

Antibodies bind to specific portions of proteins or antigens f any invading ___.

A

Pathogen

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22
Q

The ___ ___ mediates the binding of an antigen to the antibody.

A

Variable region

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23
Q

Clonal selection -

A

Variable region mediated the binding of an antigen to the antibody

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24
Q

The ___ ___ keeps a repertoire of B cells that are poised to make antibodies to invading pathogens.

A

Immune system

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25
Q

When one of these B-cells are needed..

A

The B cell starts dividing so that many antibodies can be produced and they are available to attack the pathogen

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26
Q

The surface of bacteria and viruses are coated with ___ and ___ that are recognized by antibodies in the host organisms.

A

Glycoproteins and lipoproteins

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27
Q

Epitope -

A

Region of the antigen that binds to the antibody

28
Q

Antibodies are very diverse in ___ so that all the pathogens can be recognized.

A

Structure

29
Q

Antibodies are produced by ___ ___ ___ rather than having one gene code for each different antibody.

A

Shuffling gene segments

30
Q

Linking different segments of genes creates exponential numbers of unique ___.

A

Combination

31
Q

Structure and function of immunoglobulins

A
  • y-shaped antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains
  • CH1, CH2, and CH3 are heavy-chain constant regions, CL is the light-chain constant region
  • VH is the heavy-chain variable region, and VL is the light-chain variable region
32
Q

CH1, CH2, and CH3

A

Heavy-chain constant regions

33
Q

CL

A

Light-chain constant region

34
Q

VH

A

Heavy-chain variable region

35
Q

VL

A

Light-chain variable region

36
Q

Polyclonal antibody -

A

Surface of antigen has 7 different epitopes

When immunized, each epitope elicit the synthesis of different antibody

37
Q

To produce monoclonal antibodies…

A

A researcher needs to create a cell line that could be grown in culture and that would produce a single type of antibody molecule with high affinity for a specific target antigen

38
Q

The ___ do not reproduce in culture.

A

B lymphocytes

39
Q

The ___ ___ would have the B cell genetic components to produce the antibody but can grow in culture.

A

Hybrid cell

40
Q

___ cells became candidate for cell fusion.

A

Myeloma

41
Q

Myeloma cells -

A

Cancerous B lymphocytes

42
Q

Producing monoclonal antibodies using animals

A
  • animals are injected with the antigen, and their spleens are collected
  • spleens are macerated, resuspended, and mixed with myeloma cells that have a metabolic deficiency for the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT)
  • polyethylene glycol is added to facilitate fusion
  • fused cells are grown on a selective medium (HAT) which allow only the myeloma-spleen fusion cells to grow
  • about 10-14 days post fusion treatment, the spleen-myeloma fusion cells are then grown on complete medium in microtiter plates
  • fused cells must be screened for the production of the specific antibody using the culture medium, which contains secreted antibodies, in immunoassay
  • the identified cells are maintained and used for antibody production
  • isolated antibodies are conjugated to the enzyme for ELISA, increasing specificity since only one epitope is recognized
43
Q

Humanization of monoclonal antibodies

Preventing rejection of transplanted organs:

A
  • the idea was to use a specific antibody that bind to certain lymphocytes diminishing immune response against the transplanted organ
44
Q

Humanization of monoclonal antibodies

Mouse monoclonal antibody OKT3 was approved as an ___ ___.

A

Immunosuppressive agent

45
Q

Humanization of monoclonal antibodies

OKT3 binds the CD3 receptor on T-cells and a full immunological response is ___.

A

Blocked

46
Q

The ___ antibody with the antigen-binding specificity of the mouse monoclonal antibody diminishing immunogenicity and introducing human Fc effector capabilities.

A

Chimeric

47
Q

The ___ antibody replacing the CDRs from the mouse in human antibody. The product has..

A

Humanized

Antigen-binding specificity of the mouse and all other properties of human antibody.

48
Q

___ is a humanized monoclonal antibody that recognizes the HER2 receptor on breast cancer cells.

A

Herceptin

49
Q

When herceptin binds to the receptor..

A

The immune system helps destroy the cancer cells and cancer cells become more sensitive to chemotherapy

50
Q

___ is the main antibody found in mammalian serum, and it is native form that it is used in therapeutic antibodies.

A

IgG

51
Q

A protein-coding sequence can be linked to a single-chain antibody sequence to create..

A

A dual-function molecule that can both bind to a specific target and deliver a toxin or some other specific activity to a cell

52
Q

___ molecules may also be directed to cancer cells by using a dispecific diabody that is engineered to bind to a surface-specific tumor-associated antigen and then to a toxin.

A

Toxin

53
Q

Antibody engineering

Heavy-chain antibodies from cameras can be engineered to create..

A

Small nanobodies that can be linked to various toxins

54
Q

Antibody engineering

These antibodies from camels can be used to..

A

Precisely deliver the toxin, cytokines, or enzyme to the antigen that the scFv or nanobody recognized in vivo

55
Q

Antibody engineering

___ antibodies may also bind to some non-cancerous cells.

A

Anti cancer

56
Q

Antibody engineering

___ cells are first treated with the chemotherapeutic agent Irinotican, which induces the synthesis of a unique cell surface protein.

A

Tumor

57
Q

ELISA assay

A
  • antibodies are used to determine the relative concentration of the target protein or antigen in a sample
58
Q

ELISA assay

Primary antibodies

A

Recognize the target protein or antigen

59
Q

ELISA assay

Secondary antibodies

A
  • recognize the primary antibody and often carry a detection system
60
Q

Flow cytometry

A
  • antibodies are conjugated to a variety or different fluorescent labels and detected based on its fluorescence
61
Q

Immune memory and vaccination

A

Killed or attenuated pathogen from a disease-causing pathogen are used as vaccines

The immune system generates antibodies and memory B cells that prevent future attack

62
Q

Immune memory and vaccination

___ ___ rely on a single antigen.

A

Subunit vaccines

63
Q

Immune memory and vaccination

___ ___ are small regions of antigenic protein from a pathogen that elicits a strong immune response.

A

Peptide vaccines

64
Q

___ ___ uses expressed genomic sequences to find new potential vaccines.

A

Reverse vaccinology

65
Q

Normal vaccines are created using the ___ organism.

A

Pathogenic

66
Q

Antibodies and antigens

Positive result?

A

If they react

67
Q

First line of defense ->
Second line of defense ->
Third line of defense ->

A
  • prevent it, salty skin
  • when it gets into your body, body tries to prevent it -> fever, inflammation
  • antibodies

Biotechnology I (14 decks)

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