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Biotechnology I > Ch. 6 Immune Technology > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Immune Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What are antigens and antibodies?

A

Antigens are foreign bodies and antibodies are immune system components that recognize antigens

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2
Q

Which of the following is an accurate description of B and T cells?

A

B cells produce antibodies and T cells recognize antigens expressed in the surface of other cells

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3
Q

How are the variants of antibodies produced?

A

By shuffling a small number of gene segments around

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4
Q

Which of the following statements about antibodies is not correct?

A

Polyclonal antibodies are derived from hybridomas

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5
Q

Which of the following statements about humanized antibodies is correct?

A

All of the above are correct

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6
Q

How is the creation of recombinant antibodies useful to researchers?

A

Recombinant antibodies can be used to precisely deliver toxins, cytokines, and enzymes directly to the antigen

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7
Q

Why is an ELISA used?

A

To quantify the amount of a specific protein or antigen in a sample

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8
Q

Which of the following is an example of how ELISA is used?

A

All of the above

  • home pregnancy test
  • detection of pathogenic organisms
  • detection of plant diseases
  • detection of dairy and poultry diseases
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9
Q

In which application are fluorescent antibodies used?

A

All of the above

  • immunocytochemistry
  • flow cytometry
  • immunohistochemistry
  • fluorescence activated cell sorting
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10
Q

Which of the following statements about immunity is NOT true?

A

Vaccines use a live infectious agent that is still capable of producing disease in order to elicit an immune response

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11
Q

How are vaccines made so that they do not cause disease?

A

All of the above

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12
Q

What is reverse vaccinology?

A

The use of expressed genes from an expression library to find proteins that elicit an immune response in mice to create new vaccine candidates

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13
Q

What is critical to finding novel antigens for vaccine development?

A

The identification of proteins that elicit an immune response

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14
Q

Which of the following statements about edible vaccines is NOT true?

A

Edible vaccines are usually too expensive to be manufactured in large quantities

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15
Q

Which of the following is not a risk associated with vaccines?

A

All of the above are potential risks associated with vaccination

  • adverse side effects
  • allergic reactions
  • preservatives containing mercury
  • induction of autoimmunity in some individuals
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16
Q

Which of the following is the mechanism of action for Herception?

A

Idk

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17
Q

All of the following statements are Remicade are true except..

A

Idk

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18
Q

Heavy chain antibodies have major implications for therapeutic purposes because..

A

Idk

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19
Q

All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except..

A

Idk

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20
Q

___ are Y-shaped molecules produced by the immune system in vertebrates.

A

Antibodies

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21
Q

Antibodies bind to specific portions of proteins or antigens f any invading ___.

A

Pathogen

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22
Q

The ___ ___ mediates the binding of an antigen to the antibody.

A

Variable region

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23
Q

Clonal selection -

A

Variable region mediated the binding of an antigen to the antibody

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24
Q

The ___ ___ keeps a repertoire of B cells that are poised to make antibodies to invading pathogens.

A

Immune system

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25
When one of these B-cells are needed..
The B cell starts dividing so that many antibodies can be produced and they are available to attack the pathogen
26
The surface of bacteria and viruses are coated with ___ and ___ that are recognized by antibodies in the host organisms.
Glycoproteins and lipoproteins
27
Epitope -
Region of the antigen that binds to the antibody
28
Antibodies are very diverse in ___ so that all the pathogens can be recognized.
Structure
29
Antibodies are produced by ___ ___ ___ rather than having one gene code for each different antibody.
Shuffling gene segments
30
Linking different segments of genes creates exponential numbers of unique ___.
Combination
31
Structure and function of immunoglobulins
- y-shaped antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains - CH1, CH2, and CH3 are heavy-chain constant regions, CL is the light-chain constant region - VH is the heavy-chain variable region, and VL is the light-chain variable region
32
CH1, CH2, and CH3
Heavy-chain constant regions
33
CL
Light-chain constant region
34
VH
Heavy-chain variable region
35
VL
Light-chain variable region
36
Polyclonal antibody -
Surface of antigen has 7 different epitopes When immunized, each epitope elicit the synthesis of different antibody
37
To produce monoclonal antibodies...
A researcher needs to create a cell line that could be grown in culture and that would produce a single type of antibody molecule with high affinity for a specific target antigen
38
The ___ do not reproduce in culture.
B lymphocytes
39
The ___ ___ would have the B cell genetic components to produce the antibody but can grow in culture.
Hybrid cell
40
___ cells became candidate for cell fusion.
Myeloma
41
Myeloma cells -
Cancerous B lymphocytes
42
Producing monoclonal antibodies using animals
- animals are injected with the antigen, and their spleens are collected - spleens are macerated, resuspended, and mixed with myeloma cells that have a metabolic deficiency for the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) - polyethylene glycol is added to facilitate fusion - fused cells are grown on a selective medium (HAT) which allow only the myeloma-spleen fusion cells to grow - about 10-14 days post fusion treatment, the spleen-myeloma fusion cells are then grown on complete medium in microtiter plates - fused cells must be screened for the production of the specific antibody using the culture medium, which contains secreted antibodies, in immunoassay - the identified cells are maintained and used for antibody production - isolated antibodies are conjugated to the enzyme for ELISA, increasing specificity since only one epitope is recognized
43
Humanization of monoclonal antibodies Preventing rejection of transplanted organs:
- the idea was to use a specific antibody that bind to certain lymphocytes diminishing immune response against the transplanted organ
44
Humanization of monoclonal antibodies Mouse monoclonal antibody OKT3 was approved as an ___ ___.
Immunosuppressive agent
45
Humanization of monoclonal antibodies OKT3 binds the CD3 receptor on T-cells and a full immunological response is ___.
Blocked
46
The ___ antibody with the antigen-binding specificity of the mouse monoclonal antibody diminishing immunogenicity and introducing human Fc effector capabilities.
Chimeric
47
The ___ antibody replacing the CDRs from the mouse in human antibody. The product has..
Humanized Antigen-binding specificity of the mouse and all other properties of human antibody.
48
___ is a humanized monoclonal antibody that recognizes the HER2 receptor on breast cancer cells.
Herceptin
49
When herceptin binds to the receptor..
The immune system helps destroy the cancer cells and cancer cells become more sensitive to chemotherapy
50
___ is the main antibody found in mammalian serum, and it is native form that it is used in therapeutic antibodies.
IgG
51
A protein-coding sequence can be linked to a single-chain antibody sequence to create..
A dual-function molecule that can both bind to a specific target and deliver a toxin or some other specific activity to a cell
52
___ molecules may also be directed to cancer cells by using a dispecific diabody that is engineered to bind to a surface-specific tumor-associated antigen and then to a toxin.
Toxin
53
Antibody engineering Heavy-chain antibodies from cameras can be engineered to create..
Small nanobodies that can be linked to various toxins
54
Antibody engineering These antibodies from camels can be used to..
Precisely deliver the toxin, cytokines, or enzyme to the antigen that the scFv or nanobody recognized in vivo
55
Antibody engineering ___ antibodies may also bind to some non-cancerous cells.
Anti cancer
56
Antibody engineering ___ cells are first treated with the chemotherapeutic agent Irinotican, which induces the synthesis of a unique cell surface protein.
Tumor
57
ELISA assay
- antibodies are used to determine the relative concentration of the target protein or antigen in a sample
58
ELISA assay Primary antibodies
Recognize the target protein or antigen
59
ELISA assay Secondary antibodies
- recognize the primary antibody and often carry a detection system
60
Flow cytometry
- antibodies are conjugated to a variety or different fluorescent labels and detected based on its fluorescence
61
Immune memory and vaccination
Killed or attenuated pathogen from a disease-causing pathogen are used as vaccines The immune system generates antibodies and memory B cells that prevent future attack
62
Immune memory and vaccination ___ ___ rely on a single antigen.
Subunit vaccines
63
Immune memory and vaccination ___ ___ are small regions of antigenic protein from a pathogen that elicits a strong immune response.
Peptide vaccines
64
___ ___ uses expressed genomic sequences to find new potential vaccines.
Reverse vaccinology
65
Normal vaccines are created using the ___ organism.
Pathogenic
66
Antibodies and antigens Positive result?
If they react
67
First line of defense -> Second line of defense -> Third line of defense ->
- prevent it, salty skin - when it gets into your body, body tries to prevent it -> fever, inflammation - antibodies

Biotechnology I (14 decks)

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